Neurotransmitters/Receptors Flashcards
What receptors does Glutamate target?
- AMPA
- Kainate
- NMDA receptors
Which neurotransmitters are involved in aggression and how?
- Dopamine is associated with the induction of aggression.
- Testosterone is associated with increased aggression.
- acetylcholine is associated with increased aggression.
- Serotonin is associated with decreased aggression.
- GABA is associated with decreased aggression.
- Norepinephrine is associated with decreased aggression
Which NTs are degraded by MAO-A vs MAO-B?
- MAO-A degrades NE, serotonin, and dopamine
- MAO-B degrades dopamine
What is the rate-limited stoep in dopamine pathway?
Tyrosine hydrolase
- Raphe Nucleus ⇒
- Locus coeruleus⇒
- Nucleus basalis of Meynert⇒
- Tuberomammillary nucleus⇒
- Ventral tegmentum⇒
- Raphe Nucleus. Serotonin
- Locus coeruleus. Norepinephrine
- Nucleus basalis of Meynert. Acetylcholine
- Tuberomammillary nucleus. Histamine
- Ventral tegmentum. Dopamine
When an action potential reaches the terminal, it activates voltage-dependent _______ channels, allowing ______ ions to flow into the terminal. This quickly leads to rapid neurotransmitter release into the neuronal synapse.
Calcium
Which hormone is responsible for ovarian /testes maturation?
- FSH promotes ovarian maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males
*
Which hormone is responsible for ovulation in females and testosterone in males?
- LH promotes ovulation in females and the production of testosterone in males.
Low levels of which hormonal metabolite are associated with anorexia nervosa and pathological gambling?
Norepinephrine is metabolized into metabolites → VMA or a conjugated
form of 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG, MOPEG),
Long alleles of the MAOA-uVNTR promoter polymorphism are seen in which disorder?
Panic Disorder
Catecholaminergic disruption and cholinergic dysfunction is associated with which disorder?
mania and depression/bpd
Reduced lateral prefrontal-amygdala communication is related to which condition?
borderline personality disorder
Raphe nucleus
- the main source of serotonin in the brain.
- The dorsal and midline raphe nuclei send projections ⇒ limbic system, striatum and thalamus.
- The caudal raphe nucleus also sends projections ⇒ spinal cord.
- associated with regulation of sleep-wake cycle, mood, cognition and pain control.
Which NT has an important role in anxiety regulation and attachment behavior?
Oxytocin
- Lower levels of oxytocin have been implicated in separation anxiety disorder
Impairment in the excitatory-inhibitory balance due to altered NMDA receptor signaling is seen in which condition?
Schizophrenia
Disturbed amygdala–prefrontal cortex circuitry function during face emotion processing is seen in which disorder?
DMDD
Altered NT in ADHD brains and cause?
- ADHD Brain → Reduction in caudate nucleus and globus pallidus → altered dopamine signaling with altered reinforcement sensitivity.
Which enzyme is responsible for converting dopamine to norepinephrine?
Dopamine β-hydroxylase
- found in low levels in the plasma of patients with conduct disorder as decreased noradrenergic functioning is implicated in the pathophysiology.
- inhibited by disulfiram.
- Which enzyme involved in the breakdown of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine?
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Locus ceruleus
- → source of norepinephrine-containing neurons
- located in the upper dorsolateral pontine tegmentum.
- Nucleus basalis of Meynert
→ source of acetylcholine
project to areas of cortex and amygdala
implicated in cognitive impairment in case of degeneration
