neurotransmitters and their precurors Flashcards
phenylalanine
converts to tryosine. functions in phenylketonuria missing phenylalanine hydroxylase. lack of pigmentation and parkinsonian symtoms such s epilepsy
what does tyrosine target?
catecholamines, pigmentation such as albinism, and thyroid hormones
thyroid hormones stimulated by tyrosine and why?
T4, T3 control metabolism by making bigger and more mitochondria
albinism enzyme?
tyrosinase
tryptophan targets?
serotonin, melatonin, and niacin B3
serotonin targeted by trptophan why?
bc high levels of serotonin lead to panic and diarrhea and low levels lead to worry and constipation
histidine function?
H1 receptor in capillary (vasodilator) and hypothalamus (releases anterior pituitary hormones).
H2 receptor on parietal cells of stomach that release stomach acid
glutamate function when binding to NMDA receptor?
most important excitatory neurotransmitter in central nervous system.
magnesium is gatekeeper.
glutamate function when becoming GABA
Decarboxylase (B1 and B6).
Most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system “focused.”
Low levels lead to depression.
glycine function?
inhibitory neurotransmitter in skeletal muscle interneurons and not optically active
arginine functoin?
vasodialation
name neurotransmitters
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Histidine
Glutamate
Glycine
Serine
Arginine
metabolism of amino acids requires what?
vitamin B6
name the peptides
carnitine
creatine
glutathione
endorphins
bradykinin
insulin
carnitine function?
transport of fatty acids into mitochondria. requires SAMEe, vitamin C, Fe, NAD, and B6.
Made in liver and kidney but stored in muscle.
creatine function?
source of energy as creatine phosphate. made in liver and kidney but stored in muscle.
Creatine kinase enzyme.
glutathione function?
antioxidant in RBC and liver that requires enzymes glutathione peroxidase (Se) and glutathione reductase (NADPH and FADH2)
endorphins definition?
peptide structure that is produced with exercise, laughter, touch, acupuncture, and chiropractic manipulation. Functions as receptors in brain, gut, and WBC. Runner’s high.
bradykinin definition?
peptide that functions as smooth muscle hypotensive agent that is released in response to tissue damage. begins arachidonic acid cascade in pain and inflammation pathway
insulin?
a peptide with a disulfide bond that binds to the Glut4 receptor in muscle and adipose tissue to allow glucose and fat to enter cell.
not needed for RBC and brain in Glut1 and not needed for liver Glut 2
structure of carnitine?
Tri-methyl lysine
structure of creatine?
arginine and glycine
structure of glutathione?
Glu-Cys-Gly
