neurotransmitters and their precurors

Question 1

phenylalanine

Answer 1

converts to tryosine. functions in phenylketonuria missing phenylalanine hydroxylase. lack of pigmentation and parkinsonian symtoms such s epilepsy

Question 2

what does tyrosine target?

Answer 2

catecholamines, pigmentation such as albinism, and thyroid hormones

Question 3

thyroid hormones stimulated by tyrosine and why?

Answer 3

T4, T3 control metabolism by making bigger and more mitochondria

Question 4

albinism enzyme?

Answer 4

tyrosinase

Question 5

tryptophan targets?

Answer 5

serotonin, melatonin, and niacin B3

Question 6

serotonin targeted by trptophan why?

Answer 6

bc high levels of serotonin lead to panic and diarrhea and low levels lead to worry and constipation

Question 7

histidine function?

Answer 7

H1 receptor in capillary (vasodilator) and hypothalamus (releases anterior pituitary hormones).
H2 receptor on parietal cells of stomach that release stomach acid

Question 8

glutamate function when binding to NMDA receptor?

Answer 8

most important excitatory neurotransmitter in central nervous system.
magnesium is gatekeeper.

Question 9

glutamate function when becoming GABA

Answer 9

Decarboxylase (B1 and B6).
Most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system “focused.”
Low levels lead to depression.

Question 10

glycine function?

Answer 10

inhibitory neurotransmitter in skeletal muscle interneurons and not optically active

Question 11

arginine functoin?

Answer 11

vasodialation

Question 12

name neurotransmitters

Answer 12

Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Histidine
Glutamate
Glycine
Serine
Arginine

Question 13

metabolism of amino acids requires what?

Answer 13

vitamin B6

Question 14

name the peptides

Answer 14

carnitine
creatine
glutathione
endorphins
bradykinin
insulin

Question 15

carnitine function?

Answer 15

transport of fatty acids into mitochondria. requires SAMEe, vitamin C, Fe, NAD, and B6.
Made in liver and kidney but stored in muscle.

Question 16

creatine function?

Answer 16

source of energy as creatine phosphate. made in liver and kidney but stored in muscle.
Creatine kinase enzyme.

Question 17

glutathione function?

Answer 17

antioxidant in RBC and liver that requires enzymes glutathione peroxidase (Se) and glutathione reductase (NADPH and FADH2)

Question 18

endorphins definition?

Answer 18

peptide structure that is produced with exercise, laughter, touch, acupuncture, and chiropractic manipulation. Functions as receptors in brain, gut, and WBC. Runner’s high.

Question 19

bradykinin definition?

Answer 19

peptide that functions as smooth muscle hypotensive agent that is released in response to tissue damage. begins arachidonic acid cascade in pain and inflammation pathway

Question 20

insulin?

Answer 20

a peptide with a disulfide bond that binds to the Glut4 receptor in muscle and adipose tissue to allow glucose and fat to enter cell.
not needed for RBC and brain in Glut1 and not needed for liver Glut 2

Question 21

structure of carnitine?

Answer 21

Tri-methyl lysine

Question 22

structure of creatine?

Answer 22

arginine and glycine

Question 23

structure of glutathione?

Answer 23

Glu-Cys-Gly