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Course 662 > Neurotransmitters and specific antidepressants > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and specific antidepressants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two broad categories of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Small molecule

2. Neuropeptide

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2
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are biogenic amines?

A

small molecule

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3
Q

What are the 4 characteristics to be a Neurotransmitter?

A
  1. present in the presynaptic neuron
  2. released in response to presynaptic
    depolarization
  3. receptors for the substance must be
    present of the postsynaptic cell
  4. Has a method for signal termination
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4
Q

List the Catecholamines

A
  1. Norepinephrine
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Dopamine
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5
Q

List the Indoleamines

A

serotonin

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6
Q

What are Indoleamines and Catecholamines?

A

Monoamines

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7
Q

what type of NT are Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and glycine?

A

Amino acids

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8
Q

What type of NT is Acetylcholine?

A

Quaternary amine

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9
Q

where is Acetylcholine found?

A

– Skeletal muscle
– Vagus nerve and heart
– Autonomic nervous system – Central nervous system

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10
Q

What are 2 important sybtypes of Acetylcholine receptors? where are the found?

A

– Nicotinic – ligand-gated ion channel, mainly in
muscle
– Muscarinic – metabotropic, found in ANS, CNS

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11
Q

What are 2 important sybtypes of Acetylcholine? where are the found?

A

– Nicotinic – ligand-gated ion channel, mainly in
muscle
– Muscarinic – metabotropic, found in ANS, CNS

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12
Q

List the Biogenic Amines

A

dopamine, norepinepherine, epinepherine, serotonin, histamine

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13
Q

List the Biogenic Amines

A

dopamine, norepinepherine, epinepherine, serotonin, histamine

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14
Q

Describe the general lifecycle of non-peptide neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Precurser reacts with enzymes to produce neurotransmitter
  2. Packages into vesicles
  3. Released into synapse
  4. Transporter brings them back into presynaptic neuron
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15
Q

what is a cholinergic neurons?

A

a neuron that primarily uses Acetylcholine

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16
Q

Where are cholinergic neuron cell bodies primarily located?

where do their axons project to?

A

Cell bodies located:

  • spetal nuclei
  • nucleus basalis

axons project to:
- forebrain (in particular hippocampus and cerebral cortex)

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17
Q

Is Acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

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18
Q

Biosynthesis of the catecholamines begins with which amino acid?

A

tyrosine

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19
Q

How are catecholamines inactivated?

A

primarily through reuptake into the presynaptic nerve terminal

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20
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine act on which two primary types of receptors

A

alpha and beta

21
Q

Dopamine exerts postsynaptic effects on which recpetors?

A

At least 6 in 2 categories

22
Q

What are the precursors to Acetylcholine?

A

Acetyl Co A and Choline

+ the enzyme choline acetyl transferase

23
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters have what effect of the post synaptic neuron

A

depolarizing

24
Q

How is Acetylcholine terminated?

A

Broken down by an enzyme and its (acetate and choline)

by an enzyme called
Acetyl-cholin-esterase

then those compontents are brought back into the presynaptic neuron to create more acetlcholine

25
Q

Where are the cell bodies of norepinephrine neurons located?

A

in the brain stem, mainly in a structure in the pons called the locus coeruleus

axons project widely throughout the brain to nerve terminals in the cerebral cortex, the limbic system, the hypothalamus, and the cerebellum

also travel down the spinal cord, where they exert an analgesic action

26
Q

What are the 2 important subtypes of Acetlycholine recpetors?

A

Nicotinic – ionotpropic,
mainly in muscle

Muscarinic – metabotropic, found in ANS, CNS

27
Q

what enzymes catabolize dopamine and norepinepherine?

A

Mononamine Oxidase (MAO) and

Catechol-O-Methy Transferase (COMT)

28
Q

Where do dopamine cell bodies originate? where do they send signals?

A

brain stem, sending axons both rostral (forward) to the brain and caudal (backward) to the spinal cord

29
Q

dopamine receptors are all?

A

metabotropic

30
Q

What type of NT is serotonin?

A

Indoleamines

31
Q

What is the amino acid precursor to serotonin?

A

tryptophan

32
Q

What are the two enzymes involved in serotonin production?

A

tryptophan hydroxylase and amino acid decarboxylase

33
Q

What are serotonin receptors called?

A

5-HT receptors

34
Q

which 5-HT receptor should drugs NOT interact with

A

5-HT 2B receptors are thought to cause heart problems, it has been nicknamed the “death receptor”

35
Q

What is the precurser to GABA?

what enzymes are involved?

A

a different neurotransmitter (glutamate)

enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase

36
Q

How is glutamate synthesized?

A

many ways BUT important
= the glutamine cycle
- after glutamate has its effect in the synapse it is transported and converted to the inactive glutamine by astrocytes

eventually it diffuses into the nerve terminal where it is converted back to glutamate

37
Q

What types of Glutamate receptors exist?

A
  • ionotropic

- metabotropic

38
Q

For a glutamate NMDA receptor to be activated what needs to be present

A

glutamate but ALSO

either glycine or serine

39
Q

What is the full name of GABA?

A

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid

40
Q

Where are dopaminergic cell bodies located?

Where do they project to (describe the 3 circuits we will focus on)

A

Located in:
Substantia nigra and project to -> caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and is involved in motor functions

Located in:
Midbrain (NEXT to Substantia nigra) and project to -> that project widely to the cerebral cortex and forebrain limbic system

41
Q

Where are norandrenergic cell bodies located? where do they project?

A

Located in: locus coeruleus and adjacent regions of the brain stem

Project widely to the forebrain and cerebellum and to the brain stem and spinal cord.

42
Q

Serotonin involved in?

A

Regulation of sleep and wakefulness, mood, circadian rhythms, feeding behaviour, nausea, pain, blood pressure, motor control, sexual behaviour, impulsivity, aggression

43
Q

Histamine involved in?

A

Associated with arousal and attention in the CNS

44
Q

Norepinepherine involved in?

A

Associated with sleep and wakefulness, attention, and feeding behaviour

45
Q

Dopamine involved in?

A

Involved in motor control, motivation, reward, and reinforcement

46
Q

List the different types of antidepressants

A
  1. TCAs: tricyclic antidepressants
  2. MAOIs: monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  3. Heterocyclic
  4. SSRIs
  5. SNRIs
  6. NDRI (wellbutrin)
  7. SEROTONIN-2 ANTAGONISTS/REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SARIs)
47
Q

Mechanism of action of TCAs?

A
  1. They block the presynaptic reuptake transporter for norepinephrine and serotonin.
  2. TCAs block postsynaptic receptors for histamine and acetylcholine. Such blockade accounts for most of the side effects of this class of drugs.
48
Q

What is a major drawback of TCAs?

A

Blocks histamine: drowsiness
Blocks acetylcholine,
Blocks alpha adrenergic: drop in blood pressure

+slow onset

49
Q

major drawback of MAOIs?

A

toxicity, need for dietary restrictions

irreversable

Course 662 (10 decks)

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