Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Course 662 > Capter 12 > Flashcards

Capter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of disability worldwide?

A

depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What % of men experience depression in a year? women?

A 
men = 4.7%
women = 8.5%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the lifetime risk of depression?

A

~16%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the weaknesses of the ‘chemical imbalance’ theory of depression?

A
  1. no consistent evidence to show that there is any deficiency of any of the neurotransmitters in individuals with depression
  2. studies in which the levels of these transmitters have been chemically reduced for a brief period of time have not consistently shown to produce depression in individuals
  3. neurotransmitter changes occur soon a er drug administration, but the clinical antidepressant effect develops more slowly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the neurogenic theory of depression?

A

(1) existing neurons are able to “repair” or “remodel” themselves and
(2) the brain is capable of making new neurons

This theory implies that depression is a neurodegenerative condition that affects the hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The birth of new neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some additional theories of depression?

A
  1. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction theory
  2. the inflammation theory
  3. the stress generation theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which theory of depression has been shown to sufficiently explain the diverse symptom presentation of depression across individuals?

A

none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are neurotrophins?

A

protiens that are important for the normal development and health of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is BDNF?

A

a neurotrophin called brain-derived neurotrophic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis?

is it supported?

A

Rooted in the fact that

  • some drugs that deplete monoamines result in depression
  • all drugs that improve depression increase one or more of these neurotransmitters

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is BDNF?

A

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor: a protien involved in keeping neurons viable and under conditions of stress is suppressed

encoded by the BDNF gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the HPA axis theory of depression?

A

dd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of TCAs?

A
  1. They block the presynaptic reuptake transporter for norepinephrine and serotonin.
  2. TCAs block postsynaptic receptors for histamine and acetylcholine. Such blockade accounts for most of the side effects of this class of drugs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 clinical limitations of tricylic antidepressants?

A
  1. Slow onset of action
  2. Lots of effects on the CNS resulting in my side effects
  3. they are cardiotoxic and potentially fatal in OD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Monoamine oxidase (MAO)?

A

an enzyme that regulates the amount of monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) in the body and the brain

17
Q

Why is it important that a patient on the 3 classic MAOs must continue to observe dietary restrcitions for 10-14 after they stop taking them?

A

because they are irreverable: their bond with monoamine oxidase is permanent meaning that the enzyme function only goes back to normal when new enzyme has been synthesized

18
Q

What are heterocyclic antidepressants?

A

also known as atypical antidepressants

they were developped in an effort to find structurally different agents that might overcome some of the disadvantages of the TCAs

19
Q

What are 2 advantages of SSRIs?

A
  1. Because of their receptor selectivity, SSRIs exert few anticholinergic or antihistaminic side effects.
  2. are not fatal in overdose because they are devoid of the cardiac toxicity produced by TCAs.
20
Q

What are 4 concerns with SSRIs?

A
  1. The treatment-resistant patient
  2. Serotonin syndrome
  3. SSRI discontinuation syndrome
  4. SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction
21
Q

What is Serotonin syndrome?

A

Accumulation of serotonin leads to a cluster of responses, including cognitive disturbances, such as disorientation, confusion, and hypomania; behavioral agitation and restlessness; autonomic nervous system dysfunctions, such as fever, shivering, chills, sweating, diarrhea, hypertension, and tachycardia; and neuromuscular impairment, such as ataxia, increased reflexes, and myoclonus. Visual hallucinations have even been reported.

22
Q

What is SSRI Discontinuation Syndrome?

A

A syndrome that develops when SSRIs are suddently disconincued
6 core symptoms: (FINISH)

  1. Flulike symptoms (fatigue, lethargy, myalgias, chills, headache)
  2. Insomnia (sleep disturbances, vivid dreams)
  3. Nausea (gastrointestinal symptoms, vomiting, diarrhea)
  4. Imbalance (dizziness, vertigo, ataxia)
  5. Sensory disturbances (sensation of electric shocks in the arms, legs, or head)
  6. Hyperarousal (anxiety, agitation)

Course 662 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions