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Pharmacology I > Neurotransmitters and Receptors > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Define neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that enable neurons to send signals to other neurons

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2
Q

4 criteria for classifying neurotransmitters

A
  1. Must be synthesized in presynaptic neurons
  2. Must be stored in vesicles in presynaptic neurons
  3. Must be released from presynaptic neuron axon terminal when an action potential is fired
  4. Must affect the postsynaptic neuron the same way, whether it’s released from presynaptic neuron or applied experimentally
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3
Q

3 examples of amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, glycine, GABA

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4
Q

5 examples of monoamine neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin
Histamine
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine (catecholamine)

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5
Q

4 types of endogenous neuroactive substances that are not considered neurotransmitters

A

Neuromodulators (e.g. adenosine)
Neurotrophic factors
Neurohormones
Gasotransmitters

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6
Q

Which of the classes mediates most of the fast inhibitory/excitatory functions in the brain?

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

Which of the classes consists of the largest neurotransmitters?

A

Neuropeptides (endorphins, orexins, substance P)

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8
Q

Which 2 of the small molecule neurotransmitter classes have rings in their structures?

A

Monoamines and catecholamine

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9
Q

Major excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate: excitatory
GABA: inhibitory

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10
Q

2 key roles of Astrocytes when it comes to GABA and glutamate

A
  1. Supplying GABA and glutamate neurons with glutamine, which is a precursor for both neurotransmitters
  2. Absorbing glutamate and GABA from the synapse; both roles are accomplished via the GABA-glutamine or glutamine-glutamine cycle
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11
Q

Glutamate: key roles in the brain

A

Plays key roles in fast excitatory signaling, sleep/wake and learning

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12
Q

GABA: key roles in the brain

A

Inhibitory signals, motor control, vision and anxiety

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13
Q

Histamine: key roles in the brain

A

Sleep, circadian rhythms

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14
Q

Histamine: key roles outside of the brain

A

WBCs, involved in immune responses, itching/allergies

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15
Q

Dopamine: key roles in the brain

A

Movement, motivation, reward/addiction, hormones

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16
Q

Dopamine: key roles outside of the brain

A

chemical messenger in kidney, GI tract, pancreas, blood vessels

17
Q

Serotonin: key roles in the brain

A

Mood, appetite, sexuality, sleep

18
Q

Serotonin: key roles outside of the brain

A

GI tract (intestinal motility), platelets, vasoconstrictor

19
Q

Norepinephrine: key roles in the brain

A

alertness, memory, attention

20
Q

Norepinephrine: key roles outside of the brain

A

Adrenal glands, fight or flight response

21
Q

Neurotransmitters only bind to and activate 2 types of receptors:

A

ionotropic receptors and G-protein couple receptors (GPCRs)

22
Q

Glutamate receptors

A

NMDA: Excitatory
AMPA, kainate: Excitatory
mGluR (1-8): Most are excitatory

23
Q

GABA receptors

A

GABAa: inhibitory
GABAb: inhibitory

24
Q

Serotonin receptors

A

5-HT 1,5: inhibitory
5-HT 3: excitatory
5-HT 2, 4, 6, 7: excitatory

25
Q

Histamine receptors

A

H1, H2: Excitatory
H3: Inhibitory

26
Q

Dopamine receptors

A

D1, D5: excitatory
D2, D3, D4: inhibitory

27
Q

Norepinephrine receptors

A

alpha1, beta1: excitatory
alpha2, beta2, beta3: inhibitory

28
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

Muscarinic (M1): excitatory
Mescarinic (M2): inhibitory
Nicotinic (N): excitatory

29
Q

Opiod peptides receptors

A

all inhibitory

30
Q

Activated G-proteins can produce effects via either of 2 categories

A
  1. G-protein gated ion channels
  2. G-protein activated enzymes (activate a cascade of downstream signaling molecules)
31
Q

G-protein gated ion channels

A

effectors that produce a faster, transcient, more localized effect which can be excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the ion channel (triggers EPSP or IPSP)

32
Q

G-protein activated enzymes

A

effectors that produce a slower, more permanent and more widespread effect, and usually cause more complex changes that simple generation of an EPSP or IPSP

33
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Nicotinic, 5-HT3, AMPA, kainate, NMDA

Pharmacology I (16 decks)

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