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Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Method of termination for glutamate

A

Re-uptake

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2
Q

Methods of glutamate synthesis in brain

A

Glucose via TCA cycle

Glutamine

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3
Q

Types of Glutamate Receptors

A

NMDA
AMPA
Kainate
(All ionotropic)

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4
Q

Permeability of NMDA receptors

A

Sodium, like all receptors, but especially the second messenger calcium

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5
Q

NMDA Receptor Activation Mechanism

A

Voltage and ion gated.

Depolarization is necessary to remove the magnesium ion that clogs the pore, and then an agonist (glutamate) and co-agonist(glycine or d-serine) must bind for activation

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6
Q

Key effects of Calcium entry through NMDA channels

A

Synaptic plasticity: Long-term potentiation which is thought to underlie memory formation

Excitotoxicity: Excessive calcium entry leads to cell death in some cases

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7
Q

Clinically useful glutamatergic drugs

A

Ketamine: Binds to the Magnesium binding site and inhibits NDMA activation

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8
Q

GABA Localization

A

Interneurons throughout the brain

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9
Q

Types of GABA receptors

A

GABAa- Allows Cl- entry, leading to hyperpolarization

GABAb- causes K+ to leave (efflux), also leading to hyperpolarization

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10
Q

Glycine Localization

A

Brainstem and spinal cord

In the forebrain, it serves as an important co-agonist for NMDA receptors

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11
Q

Catecholamine Biosynthesis Pathway

A

Tyrosine converted to DOPA via tyrosine hydroxylase

DOPA converted to Dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase

Dopamine converted to norepinephrine via Dopamine B-hydroxylase

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12
Q

3 Important Dopamine Systems in the Brain

A

Nigrostriatal

Mesocortical/mesolimbic

Tuberoinfundibular

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13
Q

Nigrostriatal System (Cell origin/function)

A

Cells origin in the substantia nigra and project to the striatum

Key role in movement initiation

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14
Q

Mesocortical/Mesolimbic System

A

Cells originate in ventral tegmental area and prject to prefrontal cortex/ventral striatum

Part of “reward pathway”, so important role in regulation of mood and drug abuse

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15
Q

Tuberoinfundibular System (Cell origin and function)

A

Cells originate in hypothalamus and project to the pituitary

Controls prolactin secretion (regulates lactation)

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16
Q

Norepinephrine Localization in the brain

A

Noradrenergic neurons are in the locus coeruleus, and account for the majority of adrenergic input to the limbic system

17
Q

Function of Noradrenergic Pathways

A

Attention, arousal, vigilance, mood regulation

18
Q

Serotonin Biosynthesis Pathway

A

Tryptophan to 5-HTP via tryptophan hydroxylase (rate-limiting enzyme)

5-HTP to serotonin via Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase

19
Q

Serotonin Inactivation Mechanism

A

Re-uptake

20
Q

Serotonin Pathways in the Brain

A

Median raphe nucleus contains serotonin cell bodies that innervate the parts of the limbic system, which is in the forebrain

21
Q

Histamine Localization in the Brain

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus, located in the posterior hypothalamus

22
Q

Mechanism of inactivation for histamine

A

Re-uptake

23
Q

Function of histamine in the brain

A

Arousal (hence, antihistamines are used to treat insomnia)

24
Q

Acetylcholine Biosynthesis

A

Choline and Acetyl-Coa are combined by choline acetyltransferase

Choline uptake is the rate-limiting step

25
Q

Inactivation of Acetylcholine Mechanism

A

Acetylcholinesterase

26
Q

Cholinergic Pathways in the Brain

A

Neurons in basal forebrain structures, such as:

Medial Septal Nucleus
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

27
Q

Functions of Cholinergic Pathways in the Brain

A

Learning and Memory

28
Q

Effects of Opioids on other pathways

A

Plays a key role in analgesia in both ascending and descending pathways

Also modulates dopaminergic reward pathways

29
Q

Ubiquitous Brain Signaling Molecules

A

Adenosine

Endocannabinoid

30
Q

Primary Actions of Adenosine

A

Inhibit release of excitatory neurotransmitters, inhibits postsynaptic effects

(Note: caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist)

31
Q

Endocannabinoids Primary Mechanism

A

Inhibit neurotransmitter release (retrograde neurotransmitter)

NMB (11 decks)

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