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Neuroscience (BMS109) > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

How is acetyl choline degraded?

A

NAME?

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2
Q

How is 5-HT synthesised?

A

1) Tryptophan –> 5-HTP (by tryptophan hydroxylase)2) 5-HTP –> 5-HT (by 5-HTP decarboxylase)

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3
Q

What are endocannabinoids?

A
  • Endogenous forms of canabis used as neurotransmitters - Don’t require synaptic vesicles - Bind to GPCR
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4
Q

What does the Nigrostriatal pathway facilitate?

A

NAME?

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5
Q

Which MAO enzyme degrades dopamine?

A

MAO-B

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6
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Naturally occuring opoids

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7
Q

How is acetly choline synthesised?

A

NAME?

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8
Q

What neurotransmitter type are opiods?

A

Peptide hormones, formed in the RER

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9
Q

What is Dale’s principle was it correct?

A

NAME?

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10
Q

Amine neurotransmitters?

A

5-HT (Serotonin)Histamine acetylcholine Catecholamines - Dopamine- norepinepherine - epinerpherine

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11
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of opiods?

A

1) Analgesia- Reduce perception and emotional response to pain2) Intestinal disorders 3) Stop coughs

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12
Q

Where are the axons in the Mesocorticolimbic pathway and where do they project?

A

NAME?

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13
Q

Where are opiod receptors present?

A

In nociceptive areas:1) Dorsal columns - Blocks pain sensation to brain2) Periaqueductal grey - Pain3) Amygdala - Emotional response to pain4) Frontal cortex- Cognitive pain 5)Bran stem (medulla oblongata)- Cough reflex- Depress respiration

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14
Q

Problems with opiods?

A

ToleranceDependanceSedationConstipation Respiratory depression

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15
Q

What are opiates?

A

NAME?

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16
Q

What does the 5-HT diffuse system modulate?

A

NAME?

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17
Q

What are the two types of purinergic receptors?

A

P2X (ionotropic)P2Y (GPCR)

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18
Q

What is the marker to show GABA neurons?

A

GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

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19
Q

How is ATP used as a neurotransmitter?

A

NAME?

20
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the body?

A

Glutamate

21
Q

What does the synthesis of 5-HT start with and how is this obtained?

A

Tryptophan, obtained from the diet, moves from the gut –>blood –> Extracellular fluid –> presynaptic vesicles

22
Q

How are catacholamnies synthesised?

A

1) TYROSINE –> L-Dopa (by tyrosine hydroxylase)2) L-Dopa –> Dopamine (by dopa decarboxylase in presynaptic terminal)3) Dopamine –> Norepinepherine (by dopamine B-hydroxylase in synaptic vesicles)4) Norepinepherine –> epinepherine (By PNMT in cytosol)

23
Q

What does the basal forbrain complex do?

A

NAME?

24
Q

Neruopeptide neurotransmitters?

A

Substance PEnkaphalin Endorphins

25
Q

What does the noradrenergic diffuse system regulate?

A

AttentionArousalSleep/wake Learning/memoryAnxiety/pain Mood

26
Q

Where are the neurons in the Nigrostriatal pathway and where do they project?

A

NAME?

27
Q

What is the marker for cholinergic neurons?

A

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)

28
Q

Why become addicted to drugs that enhance the Mesocorticolimbic pathway?

A

NAME?

29
Q

What does MAO-A degrade?

A

Noradrenaline and 5-HT

30
Q

How is GABA formed?

A

From glutamate by the enzyme GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

31
Q

Where is GABA present in the body?

A

Cerebral cortex and striatum

32
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate (excitatory)GABA (inhibitory)Glycine (inhibitory)Aspartic acid

33
Q

What is the Mesocorticolimbic system involved in?

A
  • The ‘reward’ system
34
Q

What are diffuse modulatory systems?

A
  • Core of each system has a small set of nuclei (often in the brainstem)- No synapses, neurotransmitter released into the extracellular fluid- Regulate functions rather than specific tasks - Neurotransmitter can contact 100,000 postsynapic neurons across
35
Q

What prevents the release of Ach and how?

A

NAME?

36
Q

How are catecholamines degraded?

A

1) COMT in cytoplasm of presynaptic membrane 2) MAO in the outer mitochondrial membrane - MAO-A- MAO-B

37
Q

What are the 4 diffuse modulatory systems of the brain?

A

NAME?

38
Q

What are opoids?

A

A broad class of natural and synthetic compounds - Including endorphins, enkephalins, dynophin

39
Q

How are NDMA glutame receptors activated?

A

NAME?

40
Q

What receptors type are the opoid receptors?

A

GPCR - inhibitory G protein

41
Q

What does GABA allow through?

A

Cl - produces IPSPs

42
Q

Where is 5-HT released from and where does it project to?

A

NAME?

43
Q

What are the 2 dopaminergic diffuse pathways in the brain?

A

1) Nigrostriatal pathway2) Mesocorticolimbic

44
Q

What are the 2 diffuse cholenerigic complexes in the brain?

A

1) Basal forebrain complex (several related neurons)- Medial septal nucleus (send projections into the hippocampus)- Basal nucleus of Mayenert (send projections into the neocortex)2) Pontomesencephalotegmental complex- In pons and midbrain complex

45
Q

Where does the diffuse noradrenergic system come from?

A

NAME?

46
Q

What is the marker for glutamanergic receptors?

A

The glutamate receptors AMPA, NDMA, kainate - Can’t be glutamate as it is used to make peptides and is found in every neuron

Neuroscience (BMS109) (23 decks)

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