Neurotransmitters

Question 1

How is acetyl choline degraded?

Answer 1

NAME?

Question 2

How is 5-HT synthesised?

Answer 2

1) Tryptophan –> 5-HTP (by tryptophan hydroxylase)2) 5-HTP –> 5-HT (by 5-HTP decarboxylase)

Question 3

What are endocannabinoids?

Answer 3

• Endogenous forms of canabis used as neurotransmitters - Don’t require synaptic vesicles - Bind to GPCR

Question 4

What does the Nigrostriatal pathway facilitate?

Answer 4

NAME?

Question 5

Which MAO enzyme degrades dopamine?

Answer 5

MAO-B

Question 6

What are endorphins?

Answer 6

Naturally occuring opoids

Question 7

How is acetly choline synthesised?

Answer 7

NAME?

Question 8

What neurotransmitter type are opiods?

Answer 8

Peptide hormones, formed in the RER

Question 9

What is Dale’s principle was it correct?

Answer 9

NAME?

Question 10

Amine neurotransmitters?

Answer 10

5-HT (Serotonin)Histamine acetylcholine Catecholamines - Dopamine- norepinepherine - epinerpherine

Question 11

What are the therapeutic uses of opiods?

Answer 11

1) Analgesia- Reduce perception and emotional response to pain2) Intestinal disorders 3) Stop coughs

Question 12

Where are the axons in the Mesocorticolimbic pathway and where do they project?

Answer 12

NAME?

Question 13

Where are opiod receptors present?

Answer 13

In nociceptive areas:1) Dorsal columns - Blocks pain sensation to brain2) Periaqueductal grey - Pain3) Amygdala - Emotional response to pain4) Frontal cortex- Cognitive pain 5)Bran stem (medulla oblongata)- Cough reflex- Depress respiration

Question 14

Problems with opiods?

Answer 14

ToleranceDependanceSedationConstipation Respiratory depression

Question 15

What are opiates?

Answer 15

NAME?

Question 16

What does the 5-HT diffuse system modulate?

Answer 16

NAME?

Question 17

What are the two types of purinergic receptors?

Answer 17

P2X (ionotropic)P2Y (GPCR)

Question 18

What is the marker to show GABA neurons?

Answer 18

GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

Question 19

How is ATP used as a neurotransmitter?

Answer 19

NAME?

Question 20

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the body?

Answer 20

Glutamate

Question 21

What does the synthesis of 5-HT start with and how is this obtained?

Answer 21

Tryptophan, obtained from the diet, moves from the gut –>blood –> Extracellular fluid –> presynaptic vesicles

Question 22

How are catacholamnies synthesised?

Answer 22

1) TYROSINE –> L-Dopa (by tyrosine hydroxylase)2) L-Dopa –> Dopamine (by dopa decarboxylase in presynaptic terminal)3) Dopamine –> Norepinepherine (by dopamine B-hydroxylase in synaptic vesicles)4) Norepinepherine –> epinepherine (By PNMT in cytosol)

Question 23

What does the basal forbrain complex do?

Answer 23

NAME?

Question 24

Neruopeptide neurotransmitters?

Answer 24

Substance PEnkaphalin Endorphins

Question 25

What does the noradrenergic diffuse system regulate?

Answer 25

AttentionArousalSleep/wake Learning/memoryAnxiety/pain Mood

Question 26

Where are the neurons in the Nigrostriatal pathway and where do they project?

Answer 26

#NAME?

Question 27

What is the marker for cholinergic neurons?

Answer 27

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)

Question 28

Why become addicted to drugs that enhance the Mesocorticolimbic pathway?

Answer 28

#NAME?

Question 29

What does MAO-A degrade?

Answer 29

Noradrenaline and 5-HT

Question 30

How is GABA formed?

Answer 30

From glutamate by the enzyme GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

Question 31

Where is GABA present in the body?

Answer 31

Cerebral cortex and striatum

Question 32

Amino acid neurotransmitters?

Answer 32

Glutamate (excitatory)GABA (inhibitory)Glycine (inhibitory)Aspartic acid

Question 33

What is the Mesocorticolimbic system involved in?

Answer 33

- The 'reward' system

Question 34

What are diffuse modulatory systems?

Answer 34

- Core of each system has a small set of nuclei (often in the brainstem)- No synapses, neurotransmitter released into the extracellular fluid- Regulate functions rather than specific tasks - Neurotransmitter can contact 100,000 postsynapic neurons across

Question 35

What prevents the release of Ach and how?

Answer 35

#NAME?

Question 36

How are catecholamines degraded?

Answer 36

1) COMT in cytoplasm of presynaptic membrane 2) MAO in the outer mitochondrial membrane - MAO-A- MAO-B

Question 37

What are the 4 diffuse modulatory systems of the brain?

Answer 37

#NAME?

Question 38

What are opoids?

Answer 38

A broad class of natural and synthetic compounds - Including endorphins, enkephalins, dynophin

Question 39

How are NDMA glutame receptors activated?

Answer 39

#NAME?

Question 40

What receptors type are the opoid receptors?

Answer 40

GPCR - inhibitory G protein

Question 41

What does GABA allow through?

Answer 41

Cl - produces IPSPs

Question 42

Where is 5-HT released from and where does it project to?

Answer 42

#NAME?

Question 43

What are the 2 dopaminergic diffuse pathways in the brain?

Answer 43

1) Nigrostriatal pathway2) Mesocorticolimbic

Question 44

What are the 2 diffuse cholenerigic complexes in the brain?

Answer 44

1) Basal forebrain complex (several related neurons)- Medial septal nucleus (send projections into the hippocampus)- Basal nucleus of Mayenert (send projections into the neocortex)2) Pontomesencephalotegmental complex- In pons and midbrain complex

Question 45

Where does the diffuse noradrenergic system come from?

Answer 45

#NAME?

Question 46

What is the marker for glutamanergic receptors?

Answer 46

The glutamate receptors AMPA, NDMA, kainate - Can't be glutamate as it is used to make peptides and is found in every neuron