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Neuroscience (BMS109) > Cells of the nervous system > Flashcards

Cells of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are ‘retinal muller cells’?

A

Specialised astrocytes

  • Elongated cells
  • Columnar
  • Span width of retina
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2
Q

What is the ependyma?

A

Epithelial lining of the ventricles of the brain and spinal canal

  • Made of a type of glial cell called ependymocytes (ependymal cells)
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3
Q

What are mulipolar neurons and what do they allow?

A
  • Motor neurons in the spinal cord
  • Most neurons
  • Processes a single axon and many dendritic branches (projections away from the cell body)
  • Allows multiple connections and transmission of information with many neurons
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4
Q

What are fibrous astrocytes?

A
  • Occur in areas of white matter (myelinated axons)

- Many intermediate fillaments in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of glial cells?

A

1) Macroglia (large)
2) Microglia (small)
3) Ependyma

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6
Q

Where are microglia derived from?

A

Circulating monocytes

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7
Q

What are protoplasmic astrocytes?

A
  • Occur in areas of grey matter
  • Shorter and fatter processes
  • Fewer intermediate fillaments
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of macroglia?

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Schwann cells

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9
Q

What is the relationship between astrocytes and neurotransmitters?

A
  • Astrocytes store neurotransmitter
  • Destroy neuropeptides which diffuse out of synaptic cleft
  • Important role in the reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic terminal
    (High affinity for gluatamate and GABA)
  • Contain an enzyme which converts glutamate into glutamine
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10
Q

What are tanycytes?

A

Specialised ependymal cells

  • Found in the 3rd ventricle and the floor of the 4th ventricle
  • Have processes which extend deep into the hypothalamus
  • Transfer chemical signals from the cerebrospinal fluid to the CNS
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11
Q

What are choroid epithelial cells?

A

Specialised ependymal cells

  • Make up the choroid plexus
  • Form CSF and assist in flow
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12
Q

Where do presynaptic nerve terminals meet?

A

At the dendritic spines (look furry/spiny under the microscope)

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13
Q

What do olligodendrocytes do?

A

Myelinate in the CNS

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14
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

Myelinate in the PNS

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15
Q

What do astrocytes enwrap?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Processes
  • Synapses
  • Dendrites and axons
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16
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A
  • Retinal bipolar cells
  • Cell body looks like it is in the middle
  • Two extensions, but one being an extension of one of the dendrites
17
Q

What are the 7 functions of astrocytes?

A
  • Create the brain environment
  • Maintain brain homeostasis, store and distribute energy substrates
  • Control the development of neuronal cells
  • Brain defence
  • Synaptogenesis and synaptic maintenance
  • Enwrap
  • Divide after injury and occupy space left by injured neurons
18
Q

What are radial glia?

A

Specialised astrocytes

  • Eg. Bergmann glial in cerebellum
  • Span from pia mater to Purkinje cell layer
  • Adult stem cells/ developing brain
19
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A
  • Sensory neurons

- Cell body in dorsal root ganglion

20
Q

What is the structure of the ependymal cells?

A
  • Ciliated
  • Cuboidal / columnar
  • Cover the capillaries and assist CSF flow
21
Q

What are golgi type 1 and type 2 neurons?

A

Type 1 have long axons

Type 2 have short axons

22
Q

What are microglia involved in?

A

Phagocytosis
- Major inflammatory cell type in the brain

  • Become activated in response to pathogens and damage and change morphology, proliferate and migrate to site
  • Phagocytose and destroy pathogens as well as remove damaged cells
23
Q

What is the relationship between astrocytes and blood flow?

A

Act as ‘neuovascular bridge’ in blood brain barrier

  • They integrate neural circuity with local blood flow and metabolic support (connect to the membranes of both)
  • Basal lamina of blood vessels is almost entirely covered by astrocyte endofeet
  • Neuron firing rate increase
  • More Ca2+ release from astocyte
  • Release of vasoactive substances from astrocytes
  • Blood vessel diameter change

Neuroscience (BMS109) (23 decks)

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