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Neurotransmitter Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What uses slow axonal transport?

A

Cytostructural components (mitochondria) or ion channels/receptors

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2
Q

What can travel retrograde back to the soma from the synapse?

A
  • neurotrophic substances
  • used vesicles and intracellular organelles
  • Also some viruses (rabies)
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3
Q

What uses fast axonal transport?

A

Neurotransmitter vesicles from the soma to the synapse

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4
Q

Name the 3 catecholamine neurotransmitters

A

Norepiniphrine, epinephrine, and dopamine

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5
Q

What are the catecholamines synthesized from

A

tyrosine

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6
Q

what is the enzyme for tyrosine to L-DOPA?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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7
Q

where is dopamine beta hydroxylase located?

A

intracellular vesicular membrane

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8
Q

Where is norepinephrine synthesized?

A

within vesicles

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9
Q

What enzyme coverts norepinephrine to epinephrine and where does this occur?

A

PNMT; outside of the vesicle

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10
Q

Where is norepinephrine found in the central nervous system?

A

locus ceruleus

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11
Q

What does norepinephrine play a crucial role in?

A

waking us up; awareness

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12
Q

What are the proteins that move the catecholamines into vesicles?

A

VMATs

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13
Q

Where is VMAT1 found and what does it do?

A

adrenal medulla; moves both dopamine into the vesicle for its conversion to norepinephrine AND then the epinephrine that was created in the cytoplasm back into the vesicles

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14
Q

Where is VMAT2 found?

A

any neuron that releases the monoamines

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15
Q

What does VMAT2 do?

A

1) moves any monoamines into vesicles for either synthesis of norepinephrine or storage prior to release.
2) it can move toxins into the vesicles to protect the neurons from the toxin

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16
Q

What drug are VMAT 1 and 2 sensitive to and what is this drug used for?

A

Reserpine; hypertension

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17
Q

Which dopamine receptors are Gs coupled?

A

D1 and D5 (D1-like)

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18
Q

which dopamine receptors are Gi coupled?

A

D2, D3, and D4 (D2-like)

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19
Q

D1 receptor action

A

voluntary motion

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20
Q

D2 receptor action

A

inhibits motion

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21
Q

D3 receptor action

A

pleasure/reward system

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22
Q

What are the 2 ways to remove catecholamines from the synaptic cleft?

A

Reuptake and enzymatic destruction

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23
Q

What are the 2 enzymes used for enzymatic destruction of the catecholamines in the synaptic cleft?

A

MAO and COMT

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24
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from what amino acid?

A

tryptophan

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25
Q

What is the large cluster of neurons that use serotonin as their neurotransmitter?

A

midline raphe nuclei

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26
Q

serotonin plays a role in controlling what and disruptions in transmission are associated with what?

A

attention and mood; depression

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27
Q

How many different 5-HT (serotonin) receptors are there?

A

SEVEN

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28
Q

How is serotonin removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

metabolized by MAO AFTER REUPTAKE

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29
Q

What amino acid is histamine derived from?

A

histidine

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30
Q

Where is histamine found in the central nervous system?

A

Posterior hypothalamus in the tuberomammillary body

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31
Q

What is histamine most directly associated with?

A

wakefulness

32
Q

What enzyme degrades histamine from the synaptic cleft?

A

diamine oxidase

33
Q

Enzyme that takes acetate CoA and choline and makes ACh?

A

Choline acetyltransferase

34
Q

What transports ACh into the vesicle?

35
Q

What breaks down Ach?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

36
Q

When Ach is broken down in the cleft into acetate and choline, which one is recycled by the cell and which one diffuses away?

A

Choline is recycled; Acetate diffuses

37
Q

2 receptor types for Ach

A

muscarinic and nictotinic

38
Q

What block the muscarinic receptor?

39
Q

M1 mechanism

A

increase IP3, DAG lead to increase in intracellular Ca+2

40
Q

M2 mechanism

A

(cardiac) Gi so decreases cAMP and leads to increase in K+ conductance

41
Q

M3 mechanism

A

same as M1

42
Q

M4 mechanism

A

same as M2

43
Q

M5 mechanism

A

same as M1 and M3

44
Q

Activation of a nicotinic receptor causes what ionotropic effect?

A

influx in Na+

45
Q

What are the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate, Aspartate, possibly taurine

46
Q

what are the inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

GABA and Glycine

47
Q

Location of GABA

A

Cerebellum, Cortex, also retina

48
Q

Enzyme for synthesis of GABA from glutamate?

49
Q

When GABA is reuptaked into the cell what is cotransported with it?

50
Q

Which GABA receptor is ionotropic and what ion does it cause an influx in?

A

GABAa; Cl- (typical IPSP)

51
Q

Which GABA receptor is metabotropic?

52
Q

What are the heterodimer effects of a GABAb receptor?

A

Gi: decrease adenylyl cyclase -> K+ influx hyperpolarization
Gq: DECREASE IP3/DAG -> decrease calcium influx
OVERALL ipsp but slower

53
Q

Glycine is located where?

A

Spinal Cord; does to the spinal cord what GABA does for brain

54
Q

Central locations of Ach?

A

Pons and midbrain

55
Q

How many nicotinic Ach subunits are there?

A

5; changing subunits changes how channel behaves

56
Q

What else can potentiate the GABAa receptor?

A

benzodiazepine

57
Q

What can free floating GABA bind to?

A

extra synaptic GABA receptors. mostly GABAa

58
Q

What is clinically used to mimic free floating GABA to bind to extra synaptic GABA receptors?

A

general anesthetics

59
Q

What blocks the ionotropic glycine receptor?

A

Strychnine

60
Q

Where are opioids found?

A
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Hypothalamus
  • parabrachial and raphe nuclei
61
Q

What kind of receptors are opioid receptors?

A

Serpentine; Gi

62
Q

Where are endocannabinoids found?

A

Hippocampus - memory
Basal Ganglia - Affect motor
Spinal Cord - modulation of nociception

63
Q

Proenkephalin gives rise to which 2 opioids?

A

Met-enkephalin

Leu-enkephalin

64
Q

What opioid does the precursor POMC give rise to?

A

Beta-endorphins

65
Q

What opioid does the precursor Prodynorphin give rise to?

A

3 molecules of Leu-enkephalin and 2 different dynorphins

66
Q

Orphanin FQ is the same as what?

A

nociceptin

67
Q

What enzymes break down opioids after reuptake?

A

Enkephalinase A and B

Aminopeptidase

68
Q

What kind of receptors are All of the opioid receptors?

A

Serpentine (Gi protein linked)

69
Q

What are the effects of binding to a mu opioid receptor?

A
  • analgesia
  • respiratory depression
  • EUPHORIA
  • sedation
  • constipation
70
Q

What are the effects of binding to a kappa opioid receptor?

A
  • analgesia
  • diuresis
  • miosis
  • DYSPHORIA
71
Q

What are the effects of binding to a delta opioid receptor?

A

Only analgesia

72
Q

What is the indirect ion effect of the mu opioid receptor?

A

increase K efflux thus hyperpolarization

73
Q

What is the indirect ion effect of the kappa and delta receptors?

A

Decrease calcium in the cell

74
Q

What is the main location of opioids?

A

hypothalamus and brain

75
Q

What are the 2 endogenous endocannabinoids?

A

Anandamide and 2-Arachidonylglycerol

76
Q

What is the common molecule between Anandamide and 2-Arachidonylglycerol?

A

Arachidonic acid

Neuro (11 decks)

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