Brain Arousal systems Flashcards
Which neurostranmitter is associated with vomiting?
Serotonin
Location of dopamine?
Basal Ganglia (substantia nigra)
What neurotransmitter moves us from arousal to awareness?
Norepinephrine and Serotonin
What neurotransmitter helps move us from awareness to focused alertness?
Dopamine
What are the two sources that give rise to the excitatory amino acid component of the arousal systems?
Reticular Activating System (RAS) and Parabrachial nuclei
What are the different inputs to the RAS?
- Ascending Sensory Tracts
- Trigeminal Tracts
- Auditory
- Visual
What are the 2 general output pathways of the RAS?
- The dorsal pathway
- The ventral pathway
Where do axons traveling along the dorsal pathway go?
Thalamus
Where do most of the axons in the ventral pathway go?
bypass thalamus, forebrain, and hypothalamus, and travel all the way to the cortex
Specifically which part of the parabrachial nuclei is the second source of EAAs?
Lateralis subnucleus
What is the major difference between the RAS and the parabrachial nuclei pathways?
The output of the parabrachial nuclei travels exclusively via the ventral pathway, bypassing the thalamus
Where are the neurons for the cholinergic arousal system located?
- Pedunculopontine n. (PPT)
- Laterodorsal Tegmental n. (LDT)
What is the major input to the noradrenergic arousal system?
- paragigantocellularis nucleus (Major)
- Perifascicular area of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi
- Caudal midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG)
Function of the noradrenergic arousal system?
- Startle/Alerting response on the EEG
- Sleep/wake cycle
- Behavioral vigilance
Inputs of the serotonergic arousal system?
- Sensory from spinal cord (synapse in the gracile and cuneate nuclei)
- Trigeminal sensory nuclei
- periaquaductal grey
