Neurotransmission and neurotransmitter

Question 1

Central Nervous System

Answer 1

Brain and spinal

Relays and processes signals received from the peripheral nervous system

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

Nerves outside the CNS

Question 3

Effect division of CNS

Answer 3

Neurons carry signals away from CNS

Question 4

Afferent Division of CNS

Answer 4

Brings data from the periphery to the CNS

Question 5

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 5

Divided into Autonomic (involuntary) and sensory and somatic (voluntary)

Question 6

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 6

Sympathetic- fight or flight

Parasympathetic- rest and digest

Question 7

Physiological afferents

Answer 7

Sensory neuron follow parasympathetic

Question 8

Cardiovascular afferents

Answer 8

Baroreceptors respond to changed in BP located in aortic arch and carotid sinus

Question 9

Respiratory afferents

Answer 9

Chemoreceptors respond to changes in CO2 or O2, carotid bodies and aortic bodies respond to decreasing O2

Question 10

Gastrointestinal Afferents

Answer 10

Provides feelings of fullness for the stomach, colon, and urinary bladder.

Question 11

Pain afferents

Answer 11

Nociceptive neurons follow sympathetic nerves

Question 12

Efferent- somatic motor (volunatary)

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle

Question 13

Efferent- autonomic (involuntary)

Answer 13

Heart, blood vessels, exocrine glands, smooth muscle, and other visceral organs.

Question 14

Preganglionic neuron

Answer 14

CNS cell body synapses in ganglion (Myelinated)

Question 15

Postganglionic neuron

Answer 15

Cell body originates in ganglion, terminates in effector organ (Non-myelinated)

Question 16

Primary role of ANS

Answer 16

Homeostasis or maintenance of constant internal environment.
Provide appropriate response to external stimuli

Question 17

ANS sympathetic

Answer 17

Flight or flight- dominates an individual under stress and mobilizes energy stores.

Question 18

ANS parasympathetic

Answer 18

Energy conserving, dominates when a person is a at rest

Question 19

AND enteric

Answer 19

Innervates GI tract, pancreas, and gallbladder. Controls motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions, and microcirculation of GI tract

Question 20

Local mediators

Answer 20

Act locally, rapidly destroyed and don’t enter the blood. Ex histimine, and prostaglandins

Question 21

Hormones

Answer 21

Secreted by endocrine glands into the blood and exerts effects on targets throughout the body

Question 22

Neurotransmitters

Answer 22

Chemicals released from nerve terminals, diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind membrane receptors or target cells.

Question 23

5 keys steps in neurotransmission

Answer 23

Synthesis of neurotransmitter
Storage of neurotransmitter
Release of neurotransmitter
Recognition of neurotransmitter
Metabolism of neurotransmitter

Question 24

Neurotransmitter release

Answer 24

Threshold voltage is reached in the neuron and an action potential is initiated
Depolarization of nerve terminal ending causes influx of CA, which causes the neurotransmitter filled vesicles to fuse with the membrane dumping the contents into the synaptic cleft

Question 25

Neurotransmitters bind to

Answer 25

Post synaptic ligand gated channel receptors (cause excitatory oh inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) , post synaptic metabotropic receptors (cause second messenger cascades), and presynaptic receptors (Regulate neurotransmitter release).

Question 26

Neurotransmitter receptors terminated by

Answer 26

degradation of neurotransmitter by enzyme in synaptic cleft, uptake by presynaptic transporters, or intracellular enzymes that deactivate second messengers.

Question 27

Types of neurotransmitters

Answer 27

Norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, adenosine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and glutamate.

Question 28

PNS- Parasympathetic

Answer 28

Synthesizes and uses Ache and is called cholinergic interacting with muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

Question 29

PNS-Sympathetic

Answer 29

Synthesizes and uses norepinephrine (NE) and is called adrenergic interacting with alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic receptors.

Question 30

ANS predominant tone -SYMPATHETIC

Answer 30

Arterioles, veins, and sweat glands

Question 31

ANS predominant tone- PARASYMPATHETIC

Answer 31

Veins, heart, iris, ciliary muscles, GI tract, urinary bladder, and salivary glands.