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6a > Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

CNS inputs

A

All connections between peripheral afferents and CNS neurons are excitatory
requires balance by CNS inhibition
processing often involves removing unwanted inputs

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2
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

more selective than post-synaptic
- lower effectiveness of one or a few inputs to an euron
- does not affect other inputs or postsynaptic membrane potential
major pathway in spinal cord

GABA is the major NT
GABAa receptors: Chloride conductance, shunting of AP
GABAb receptors: long -acting; G-protein coupled modulation of K and Ca channels

Axoaxonic, and dendroaxonic interaction

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3
Q

Recurrent inhibition

A

Autoregulation of motor neuron firing rates
Modulation of motor output by its own activation
Glycine dominant NT, but also GABA
Convergent synaptic input from descending pathways
Renshaw cells involved

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4
Q

Renshaw cell

A

recurrent inhibition of motor neurons
spinal interneurons
Excited by collaterals from motor neurons, and then inhibit those same motor neurons –> negative feedback
Regulates motor neuron excitability and stabilizes firing rates

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5
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A 
GTO stretch (contraction of muscle) --> afferent axon compressed by collagen fibers --> rate of firing increases
Disynaptic GTO inhibition and the Ib inhibitory interneuron = inverse myotactic reflex, "clasp knife reflex"
Ib feedback from GTO inhibits contraction of agonist, and facilitates antagonist
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6
Q

Pyramidal/CST

A

~ 1 million fibers, mostly myelinated
lateral fibers decussate at midbrain (not all cross)
projects to alpha and gamma motor neurons, interneurons
Monosynaptic connections
Also indirect pathways (rubrospinal, reticulospinal)

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7
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Innervates LMN, affected by supraspinal projections
Activity controls posture and strength of reflexes
Interruption in pathway leads to deficits

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8
Q

Interruption of descending input

A

“releases” spinal interneurons, of which many are inhibitory
Unrestricted flow of excitation reaches motor neurons
- hyperreflexia
- can also affect the sign of reflexes (e.g. Babinski, Bing)

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9
Q

LMN disorder characteristics

A 
flaccid weakness or paralysis
decreased or absent monosynaptic reflex
muscle denervation, atrophy
affects single muscles or small groupw innervated by common nerve
cutaneous reflexes normal
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10
Q

UMN disorder characteristics

A

spastic weakness (increased velocity sensitivity)
exaggerated monosynaptic reflex
clonus (5 Hz)
no signs of denervation, atrophy
large groups affected, organized by halves or quadrants of the body
reversed (Babinski) or absent cutaneous reflexes

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11
Q

Spasticity

A

Hypertonia
Hyperreflexia
more pronounced in anti-gravity muscles: flexors in the arm, extensors in leg

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12
Q

UMN lesion treatment

A

Diazepam (Valium)
- antispastic action by increasing frequency of GABAa receptor channel openings, enhancing postsynaptic inhibition in spinal cord

Baclofen: reduces spasticity by activating presynaptic GABAb receptors, inhibiting glutamate release from afferent fibers

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13
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

Ischemia –> glutamate release –> activation of glutamate receptors –> Na influx –> activation of VaC channels –> influx of Ca –> neuronal injury

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14
Q

Neuronal body vacuolation

A 
cytotoxic edema (failure of pumps, water influx)
Prion diseases (spongiform encephalopathy)
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15
Q

Neuromelanin

A

normal
byproduct of catecholamine synthesis
in neurons of substantia nigra and locus cereleus
differs from skin melanin

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16
Q

Lipofuscin

A

pigment of aging

in many neurons

17
Q

Axonal reaction/central chromatolysis

A

Response of nerve cell body to axonal transection
Swollen cell body with displaced nucleus, dispersed Nissl substance
increased mRNA synthesis –> increased protein synthesis

18
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

degeneration of distal fragment of axon after axonal transection

19
Q

Axonal retraction balls

A

damming up of organelles conveyed by axonal transport to proximal stump of axonal transection site

20
Q

Axonal spheroids

A

seen in neuroaxonal dystrophies
certain locations in aging
light microscopically similar to, but ultrastructurally different from, axonal retraction balls

21
Q

Dendritic reactions

A

abnormalities in number, shape, and size of dendritic spines in mental retardation/epilepsy

22
Q

Astrocyte function

A 
"scar" cell of CNS
support and structure
syncytium throughout CNS
Energy from glycolysis
Glutamate and GAPA uptake
pH, osmolarity regulation
spatial buffering of K+
glutamine for glutamate synthesis
gray matter: protoplasmic
White matter: fibrous
23
Q

Gliosis changes

A

early: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, upregulation of GFAP
Late: fibrillary gliosis

24
Q

Astrocytic swelling

A

Rosenthal fibers

  • linear/corkscrew hyaline inclusions
  • seen in long-standing gliosis
25
Q

Astrocytic inclusions

A

Corpora amylacea

  • round inclusions of glycoprotein
  • in astrocytic foot processes
  • particularly around blood vessels, or near surfaces of CNS
26
Q

Ependyma reactions

A

lining of ventricles
destruction of ependymal cells probably not replaced with other ependymal cells
Subventricular glial nodule (Granular ependymitis): non-specific reaction of subventricular astrocytes to ependymal injury/loss

27
Q

Microglial reactions

A

CNS cells originally derived from bone marrow
Phagocytic function
Antigen presenting

Activated in response to CNS injury in absence of parenchymal destruction
Turns into macrophages in response to CNS injury with parenchymal destruction

28
Q

Immune response in the CNS

A

Class II MHC-controlled
Class I cMHC controlled

Often don’t see T and B cells due to immunological priviledge

29
Q

Class II MHC-controlled immune response

A

Normally minimal constitutive Class II MHC in white matter microglia
CD4 TCR recognizes Ag in the context of Class II MHC on the APC
Need other co-stimulatory molecules and receptors
T-cell + APC –> proinflammatory cytokine profile –> immune response to antigen initiated
OR immunomodulatory cytokine profile –> immune response to antigen suppressed

30
Q

Class I MHC-controlled immune response

A

Interaction between cytotoxic T-cell and target/APC –> lysis/apoptosis of target cell
Normally constitutive class I MHC on endothelial cells and probably some glia and perivascular cells in the CNS
CD8 TCR recognizes antigen (peptide) in context of Class I MHC on target cell
no intermediary cell to carry out target destruction

31
Q

CNS immunological privilege

A

Activated T-cells breach BBB
Unactivated T-cells do not traffic through CNS
Immune response in CNS will only result from a trafficking T-cell if:
- T cell receptor recognizes a specific CNS antigen
- antigen is presented in context of MHC to T-cell
CNS normally has very FEW APCs

32
Q

Multiple sclerosis pathophys

A

autoimmune disease of CNS myelin sheath

Gliosis in demyelinated plaques of MS

33
Q

Inflammation in MS

A 
Lymphocytes
monocytes
macrophages
perivascular inflammation
initiation and extension of actively demyelinating plaque  --> CD4 T-cells in perivascular spaces
34
Q

Antigen presentation in MS

A

Antigen first presented to trafficking activated T-cells by perivascular microglia (Class II MHC)
Subsequent antigen presentation to T-cells by macrophages in plaque

35
Q

Demyelination in MS

A

macrophages

  • removes myelin lamellae from sheath
  • internalized myelin degraded to neutral lipid in macrophage lysosome

Axons are relatively intact

36
Q

Remyelination in MS

A

Increased #s of oligodendrocytes and remyelination seen in actively demyelinating MS plaques
Remyelinated myelin also undergoes macrophage attack

37
Q

Chronic silent MS plaque

A

little inflammation remains
? due to suppressor cells or immunomodulatory cytokines down-regulating immune response
Plasma cells persist and produce IgG
Lipid-laden macrophages make their way to perivenular spaces, and then to systemic circulation
Numerous demyelinated axons and fibrillary gliosis
some axonal loss

6a (26 decks)

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