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6a > H&N Embryology > Flashcards

H&N Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharyngeal/branchial apparatus

A 
a group of structures that contribute to form head and neck
Pharyngeal:
1) arches
2) pouches
3) grooves
4) membranes
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2
Q

Pharyngeal arches

A

paired ridges of tissue, each containing:

  • muscle component
  • cartilage
  • CN
  • aortic arch
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3
Q

Pharyngeal pouches

A

Paired segmented balloon-like pockets

separates pharyngeal arches internally

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4
Q

Pharyngeal grooves

A

paired clefts separating pharyngeal arches externally

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5
Q

Pharyngeal membranes

A

formed where epithelia of grooves and pouches approach each other

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6
Q

Arch formation

A

Each arch covered externally with ectoderm and internally by endoderm
6 arches formed during embryonic period but 5/6 are rudimentary (not visible on the surface of embryo)
Most of H/N congenital anomalies originate during transformation of pharyngeal apparatus into its adult derivatives

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7
Q

Neural crest cells

A

originate from neural tube
migrate into ventral part of pharyngeal arches and form different tissues
(Muscles and vascular endothelia are derived from original mesenchyme)

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8
Q

CT in the dorsal region of head

A

formed by paraxial mesoderm (somites, somatomeres)

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9
Q

1st pharyngeal arch name

A

mandibular arch - formation of the face

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10
Q

Portions of mandibular arch

A

Maxillary prominence

Mandibular prominence

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11
Q

Maxillary prominence derivatives

A

maxilla
zygomatic bone
squamous part of temporal bone

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12
Q

Mandibular prominence derivatives

A

mandible

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13
Q

1st arch syndrome

A

Insufficient migration of NCCs into 1st pharyngeal arch
Characteristics:
- deformed auricle of external ear
- defect in cheek between auricle and mouth
- hypoplasia of mandible
-macrostomia

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14
Q

SVE in H/N

A

muscles derived from pharyngeal arches

considered visceral, but can be controlled voluntarily

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15
Q

GVA in H/N

A

dermis and mucous membranes of H/N

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16
Q

CN V supplies

A

derivatives of 1st arch
sensory innervation of head and part of neck
motor innervation of muscles of mastication

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17
Q

CN VII supplies

A

derivatives of 2nd arch

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18
Q

CN IX supplies

A

derivatives of 3rd arch

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19
Q

Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve - supply

A

4th arch

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20
Q

CN X - supply

A

derivatives of 6th arch

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21
Q

Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve - supply

A

6th arch

22
Q

1st arch cartilage

A

2 of middle ear ossicles
horse-shoe shaped primordium of mandible - guides its early morphogenesis
cartilage disappears as mandible develops around it by intramembranous ossification

23
Q

2nd arch cartilage

A

Reichert cartilage
one of middle ear ossicles
styloid process of temporal bone
part of hyoid bone

24
Q

3rd arch catilage

A

ossifies to form rest of hyoid bone that is not being formed by the 2nd arch

25
Q

4/6th arch cartilage

A

fuse to form laryngeal cartilages (except for epiglottis - derived from mesenchyme of 3rd/4th arches)

26
Q

Pharyngeal muscle innervation

A 
CN X 
except stylopharyngeus (IX)
27
Q

Soft palate muscle innervation

A

X

except tensor veli palatini (V3)

28
Q

Tongue muscle innervation

A 
XII 
except palatoglossus (X)
29
Q

All tensor muscles in the head/neck innervation

A

tensor tympani/tensor veli palatini

V3

30
Q

Laryngeal muscle innervation

A 
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (X)
except cricothyroid (superior laryngeal nerve X)
31
Q

Anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscle innervation

A

mylohyoid nerve (V3)

32
Q

posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscle innervation

A

VII

33
Q

geniohyoid muscle innervation

A

C1

34
Q

Strap (infrahyoid muscle) innervation

A

ansa cervicalis (C1,2,3)

35
Q

Pharyngeal groove derivatives

A

at first: 4 grooves on each side of embryo
2nd arch grows and coveres 3/4
Separate pharyngeal arches externally
Only 1st pair of grooves remain –> external acoustic meatus
- other grooves lie in a slit-like depression = cervical sinus = normally obliterated as the neck develops
Cervical cysts - remnants of cervical sinus and/or 2nd groove may persist

36
Q

Pharyngeal membranes derivatives

A

Appeared in floor of pharyngeal grooves during 4th week of development
Formed by conjunction of surface ectoderm with endoderm and intervening mesoderm
Only 1st pharyngeal membrane remains = tympanic membrane

37
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

tympanic membrane
tympanic cavity
auditory tube

38
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

endodermal lining –> surface epithelium and lining of tonsilar crypt
mesenchyme around crypt –> lymphoid tissue, form lymphatic nodules of palatine tonsil

39
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

inferior parathyroid glands and thymus

40
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch derivatives

A

superior parathyroid glands and ultimopharyngeal (ultimobranchial) body
ultimopharyngeal (ultimobranchial) body fuses with thyroid gland –> cells give rise to parafollicular (or C) cells - produce calcitonin
- cells differentiate from NCCs that migrate from pharyngeal arches

41
Q

Development of thyroid gland

A

1st endocrine gland to develop
Formed from a median endodermal thickening in floor of primordial pharynx and forms thyroid diverticulum
As tongue grows, developing thyroid descends, passing ventral to developing hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages - still connected to the tongue by thyroglossal duct
After final stage: takes final shape in front of neck and thyroglossal duct degenerates and disappears
Proximal opening of thyroglossal duct persists as a small, blind pit –> foramen cecum of tongue

42
Q

Thyroglossal duct cysts

A

Remnants of thyroglossal duct
tongue/anterior part of neck
painless, moveable median mass
cervical cyst is lateral, painless and moveable
Infection of a cyst–> perforation of skin, leading to a formation of a thyroglossal duct sinus

43
Q

Ectopic thyroid gland

A

incomplete descent of thyroid gland –> sublingual thyroid gland appearing high in neck
Most common type: lingual hyroid glandular tissue

44
Q

Development of anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

Oral part
Formed by fusion of lingual swellings on midline
swellings result from mesenchyme proliferation in 1st pharyngeal arch
Fusion of swellings indicated by median groove

45
Q

Development of posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

Formed by 2 elevations caudal to foramen cecum
Early: mesenchyme of 2/3/4 arches take part
- end stage: mesenchyme of 2 disappears, develops from mesenchyme of 3/4
Tongue muscles derived from paraxial mesoderm of occipital somites - CN XII

46
Q

Ant 2/3 tongue sensory

A

General: V3
Special: CN VII, chorda tympanic branch

47
Q

Posterior 2/3 tongue sensory

A

CN IX for special and general

48
Q

Foramen cecum sensory

A

CN X

49
Q

1st arch derivatives

A

muscles of mastication
2 of middle ear ossicles
CN V2 and V3

50
Q

2nd arch derivatives

A 
Muscles of facial expression
stapedius
stylohyoid
posterior belly of digastric
1 of middle ear ossicles, hyoid bone
CN VII
51
Q

3rd arch derivatives

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle
hyoid bone
CN IX

52
Q

4/6 arches derivatives

A

soft palate muscles (except tensor veli palatini)
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
laryngeal muscles
cartilages of larynx
Superior and recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X)

6a (26 decks)

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