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6a > H&N Embryology > Flashcards

H&N Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharyngeal/branchial apparatus

A 
a group of structures that contribute to form head and neck
Pharyngeal:
1) arches
2) pouches
3) grooves
4) membranes
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2
Q

Pharyngeal arches

A

paired ridges of tissue, each containing:

  • muscle component
  • cartilage
  • CN
  • aortic arch
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3
Q

Pharyngeal pouches

A

Paired segmented balloon-like pockets

separates pharyngeal arches internally

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4
Q

Pharyngeal grooves

A

paired clefts separating pharyngeal arches externally

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5
Q

Pharyngeal membranes

A

formed where epithelia of grooves and pouches approach each other

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6
Q

Arch formation

A

Each arch covered externally with ectoderm and internally by endoderm
6 arches formed during embryonic period but 5/6 are rudimentary (not visible on the surface of embryo)
Most of H/N congenital anomalies originate during transformation of pharyngeal apparatus into its adult derivatives

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7
Q

Neural crest cells

A

originate from neural tube
migrate into ventral part of pharyngeal arches and form different tissues
(Muscles and vascular endothelia are derived from original mesenchyme)

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8
Q

CT in the dorsal region of head

A

formed by paraxial mesoderm (somites, somatomeres)

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9
Q

1st pharyngeal arch name

A

mandibular arch - formation of the face

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10
Q

Portions of mandibular arch

A

Maxillary prominence

Mandibular prominence

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11
Q

Maxillary prominence derivatives

A

maxilla
zygomatic bone
squamous part of temporal bone

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12
Q

Mandibular prominence derivatives

A

mandible

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13
Q

1st arch syndrome

A

Insufficient migration of NCCs into 1st pharyngeal arch
Characteristics:
- deformed auricle of external ear
- defect in cheek between auricle and mouth
- hypoplasia of mandible
-macrostomia

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14
Q

SVE in H/N

A

muscles derived from pharyngeal arches

considered visceral, but can be controlled voluntarily

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15
Q

GVA in H/N

A

dermis and mucous membranes of H/N

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16
Q

CN V supplies

A

derivatives of 1st arch
sensory innervation of head and part of neck
motor innervation of muscles of mastication

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17
Q

CN VII supplies

A

derivatives of 2nd arch

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18
Q

CN IX supplies

A

derivatives of 3rd arch

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19
Q

Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve - supply

A

4th arch

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20
Q

CN X - supply

A

derivatives of 6th arch

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21
Q

Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve - supply

22
Q

1st arch cartilage

A

2 of middle ear ossicles
horse-shoe shaped primordium of mandible - guides its early morphogenesis
cartilage disappears as mandible develops around it by intramembranous ossification

23
Q

2nd arch cartilage

A

Reichert cartilage
one of middle ear ossicles
styloid process of temporal bone
part of hyoid bone

24
Q

3rd arch catilage

A

ossifies to form rest of hyoid bone that is not being formed by the 2nd arch

25
4/6th arch cartilage
fuse to form laryngeal cartilages (except for epiglottis - derived from mesenchyme of 3rd/4th arches)
26
Pharyngeal muscle innervation
``` CN X except stylopharyngeus (IX) ```
27
Soft palate muscle innervation
X | except tensor veli palatini (V3)
28
Tongue muscle innervation
``` XII except palatoglossus (X) ```
29
All tensor muscles in the head/neck innervation
tensor tympani/tensor veli palatini | V3
30
Laryngeal muscle innervation
``` Recurrent laryngeal nerve (X) except cricothyroid (superior laryngeal nerve X) ```
31
Anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscle innervation
mylohyoid nerve (V3)
32
posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid muscle innervation
VII
33
geniohyoid muscle innervation
C1
34
Strap (infrahyoid muscle) innervation
ansa cervicalis (C1,2,3)
35
Pharyngeal groove derivatives
at first: 4 grooves on each side of embryo 2nd arch grows and coveres 3/4 Separate pharyngeal arches externally Only 1st pair of grooves remain --> external acoustic meatus - other grooves lie in a slit-like depression = cervical sinus = normally obliterated as the neck develops Cervical cysts - remnants of cervical sinus and/or 2nd groove may persist
36
Pharyngeal membranes derivatives
Appeared in floor of pharyngeal grooves during 4th week of development Formed by conjunction of surface ectoderm with endoderm and intervening mesoderm Only 1st pharyngeal membrane remains = tympanic membrane
37
1st pharyngeal pouch derivatives
tympanic membrane tympanic cavity auditory tube
38
2nd pharyngeal pouch derivatives
endodermal lining --> surface epithelium and lining of tonsilar crypt mesenchyme around crypt --> lymphoid tissue, form lymphatic nodules of palatine tonsil
39
3rd pharyngeal pouch derivatives
inferior parathyroid glands and thymus
40
4th pharyngeal pouch derivatives
superior parathyroid glands and ultimopharyngeal (ultimobranchial) body ultimopharyngeal (ultimobranchial) body fuses with thyroid gland --> cells give rise to parafollicular (or C) cells - produce calcitonin - cells differentiate from NCCs that migrate from pharyngeal arches
41
Development of thyroid gland
1st endocrine gland to develop Formed from a median endodermal thickening in floor of primordial pharynx and forms thyroid diverticulum As tongue grows, developing thyroid descends, passing ventral to developing hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages - still connected to the tongue by thyroglossal duct After final stage: takes final shape in front of neck and thyroglossal duct degenerates and disappears Proximal opening of thyroglossal duct persists as a small, blind pit --> foramen cecum of tongue
42
Thyroglossal duct cysts
Remnants of thyroglossal duct tongue/anterior part of neck painless, moveable median mass cervical cyst is lateral, painless and moveable Infection of a cyst--> perforation of skin, leading to a formation of a thyroglossal duct sinus
43
Ectopic thyroid gland
incomplete descent of thyroid gland --> sublingual thyroid gland appearing high in neck Most common type: lingual hyroid glandular tissue
44
Development of anterior 2/3 of tongue
Oral part Formed by fusion of lingual swellings on midline swellings result from mesenchyme proliferation in 1st pharyngeal arch Fusion of swellings indicated by median groove
45
Development of posterior 1/3 of tongue
Formed by 2 elevations caudal to foramen cecum Early: mesenchyme of 2/3/4 arches take part - end stage: mesenchyme of 2 disappears, develops from mesenchyme of 3/4 Tongue muscles derived from paraxial mesoderm of occipital somites - CN XII
46
Ant 2/3 tongue sensory
General: V3 Special: CN VII, chorda tympanic branch
47
Posterior 2/3 tongue sensory
CN IX for special and general
48
Foramen cecum sensory
CN X
49
1st arch derivatives
muscles of mastication 2 of middle ear ossicles CN V2 and V3
50
2nd arch derivatives
``` Muscles of facial expression stapedius stylohyoid posterior belly of digastric 1 of middle ear ossicles, hyoid bone CN VII ```
51
3rd arch derivatives
Stylopharyngeus muscle hyoid bone CN IX
52
4/6 arches derivatives
soft palate muscles (except tensor veli palatini) pharyngeal constrictor muscles laryngeal muscles cartilages of larynx Superior and recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X)

6a (26 decks)

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