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neuroscience > Neuroscience: The basics + gross anatomy > Flashcards

Neuroscience: The basics + gross anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

an abnormality seen on a brain-imaging test

A

lesion

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2
Q

Lesions appear as _______ or _________ spots that don’t look like normal brain tissue

A

dark or light

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3
Q

more scientific name for a stroke

A

cerebrovascular accident

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4
Q

Stroke often results in the loss of ______, ________, and _________ functions caused by interruptions of blood supply to the brain

A

sensory, speech, and language

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5
Q

two types of neoplastic conditions

A

benign or malignant tumors

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6
Q

leading cause of dementia and chorea

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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7
Q

Degenerative condition in which atrophy of motor neurons of the spinal cord and cortex results in muscular weakness and spasticity

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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8
Q

Progressive disease of brain characterized by tremor, slowness of movement, and reduced muscular strength affecting motor speech

A

Parkinson’s

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9
Q

Progressive brain disease of dominant inheritance appearing in the mid-30s

A

Huntington’s

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10
Q

Motor disorder with or without language and cognitive deficits in children. Caused by damage to the cerebrum before, during, or after birth

A

Cerebral palsy

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11
Q

inflammation of membranes covering the spinal cord and cortical surface

A

meningitis

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12
Q

towards the top (crown) of the head

A

superior

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13
Q

towards the feet

A

inferior

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14
Q

in front of (in relation to what you’re talking about)

A

anterior

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15
Q

behind (in relation to what you’re talking about)

A

posterior

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16
Q

Either towards the back (in reference to spinal cord) or towards the crown of the head (in reference to brain)

A

dorsal

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16
Q

meaning “towards the lungs”. Either the front of the body (in reference to the spinal cord) or towards the feet (in reference to the brain)

A

ventral

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17
Q

Meaning “towards the nose”. Either towards the top of the body (in reference to the spinal cord) or towards the front of the brain

A

rostral

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18
Q

Meaning “towards the tail”. Either towards the feet (in reference to the spinal cord) or towards the back of the brain

A

caudal

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19
Q

3 types of planes

A

sagittal, coronal, horizontal/transverse

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20
Q

plane cute down through the nose

A

sagittal

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21
Q

cut like a crown / cutting off your face

A

coronal

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22
Q

cut like a headband

A

horizontal/transverse

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23
Q

the brain has bilateral __________ symmetry between hemispheres (not ________)

A

anatomical, not physiological

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24
Q

side of the brain generally dominant for language, speech, and analytic processing

A

left

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25
Q

side of the brain that generally dominates emotions, musical skills, metaphor, paralinguistics (tone and stress) and humor

A

right

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26
Q

The brain mostly has __________ brain organization meaning that the right side generally controls everything on the left side of the body and vise versa

A

contralateral

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27
Q

two largest divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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28
Q

responsible for carrying messages to and from the CNS

A

peripheral nervous system

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29
Q

two divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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30
Q

controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS

A

somatic

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31
Q

controls involuntary body functions

A

autonomic nervous system

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32
Q

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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33
Q

arouses the body to expend energy and is responsible for fight or flight

A

sympathetic

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34
Q

calms the body to conserve and maintain energy. responsible for rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

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35
Q

name for sensory nerves

A

afferent

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36
Q

name for motor nerves

A

efferent

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37
Q

receive information: bring information into the nervous systme

A

afferent nerves

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38
Q

motor information starts in the cerebral cortex and is sent down to the muscles through what nerves

A

efferent nerves

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39
Q

ridges in the cerebral cortex

A

gyri

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40
Q

Two of the most important gyri to know are the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus, also known as the ________ _______ ________ and the _________ ________ _________

A

primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex

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41
Q

dips/grooves in the cerebral cortex

A

sulci

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42
Q

important sulcus to know

A

central sulcus

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43
Q

name for a really big, deep sulcus

A

fissure

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44
Q

name for the fissure that separates the two brain hemispheres

A

medial longitudinal fissure

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45
Q

name for the important fissure that comes laterally across the brain

A

lateral fissure (sylvian fissure)

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46
Q

________ is a fatty coating on a nerve cell that helps information move faster

A

myelin

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47
Q

name for the non-myelinated nerve cell bodies

A

grey matter

48
Q

grey matter is found on the surface of the ________ and ___________ and the interior of the spinal cord

A

cerebrum and cerebellum

49
Q

a group of nerve cell bodies that work together for specific functions

A

ganglia

50
Q

myelinated fiber tracts or neuronal axons

A

white matter

51
Q

white matter is found inside the cerebrum and cerebellum and on the __________ of the spinal cord

A

surface

52
Q

bundles of axons that cross the midline to connect such as the corpus callosum

A

commissure

53
Q

Consists of the cerebral hemispheres divided by the longitudinal fissure and interconnected by the corpus callosum

A

cerebrum

54
Q

4 cerebral lobes

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

55
Q

most anterior and largest lobe. deals with executive functions voluntary muscle movement, and language

A

frontal lobe

56
Q

the frontal lobe contains the _________ ________ _________ where we find the homunculus and ________ area

A

primary motor cortex, Broca’s area

57
Q

Lobe most associated with sensation including touch, kinesthesia, perception of temperature, and vibration

A

parietal lobe

58
Q

the parietal lobe contains the primary sensory area, also known as the __________ ____________ or the sensory strip. This is organized in the same manner as the motor strip

A

the postcentral gyrus

59
Q

the most posterior lobe

A

occipital lobe

60
Q

________ information is processed in the occipital lobe

A

visual

61
Q

Lobe associated with auditory processing and olfaction. The __________ area is located here

A

temporal, Wernicke’s area

62
Q

three parts of the brainstem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

63
Q

52 regions on the cortex numbered on the basis of their cell type and laminar structure

A

Brodmann Areas

64
Q

area of the brain responsible for the execution of voluntary motor movements

A

primary motor cortex / precentral gyrus

65
Q

Area of the brain responsible for programming motor movements

A

premotor cortex / supplementary motor cortex

66
Q

The premotor cortex does not program the motor commands for speech. These are generated in _________ _________

A

Broca’s Area

67
Q

damage here may cause oral or limb apraxia

A

premotor cortex / supplementary motor cortex

68
Q

Area that detect sensory information from the body regarding touch, proprioception, kinesthesia, and vibration

A

primary somatosensory cortex / postcentral gyrus

69
Q

Area of the brain that discriminates what a sensation is

A

sensory association cortex

70
Q

the most prefrontal area of the brain

A

the prefrontal region/cortex

71
Q

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive function including _____________, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, __________ __________ and planning. It’s also responsible for _________, mood, and ___________-

A

reasoning, decision making, personality, and pragmatics

72
Q

coordinates / programs motor movements for the production of speech sounds

A

Broca’s area

73
Q

Broca’s area is found on the inferior ________ lobe in the hemisphere dominant for ___________

A

frontal lobe, language

74
Q

refers to the inability or limited ability to understand written language and is typically acquired after brain injury or stroke

A

alexia

75
Q

loss of the ability to write

A

agraphia

76
Q

loss of the ability to deal with numbers/arithmetic

A

acalculia

77
Q

an inability to attend (pay attention) to one side or the other

A

hemispatial neglect

78
Q

involved in attaching meaning to auditory information (comprehension)

A

Wernicke’s Area

79
Q

The primary sight for processing basic auditory information such as pitch, volume, and rhythm

A

primary auditory cortex/area

80
Q

Area of the brain that does more complex processing of sound and allows for the recognition of complex sounds and patterns, such as speech and music

A

Secondary auditory cortex

81
Q

loss of ability to name objects and people. Issue is with word finding, not visual recognition

A

anomia

82
Q

area of the brain that receives input from the optic tract via the thalamus and does initial processing of visual input

A

primary visual cortex

83
Q

damage to the _________ _______ _______ causes blind spots in the visual field or total blindness

A

primary visual cortex

84
Q

damage to the secondary visual area could cause ________ ________, where people can see visual stimuli but cannot associate them with a meaning or identify their function

A

visual agnosia

85
Q

paralysis on one side of the body

A

hemiplagia

86
Q

weakness on one side of the body

A

hemiparesis

87
Q

internal awareness of the range and direction of limb movements

A

kinesthesia

88
Q

internal awareness of the position posture and movement (telling if you are leaning or sitting up straight)

A

proprioception

89
Q

an abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should

A

neoplasm

90
Q

purpose of collecting a case history

A

identify predisposing factors

91
Q

impairment in voluntary movement

A

dyskinesia

92
Q

slowness of movement

A

bradykinesia

93
Q

involuntary, rhythmic muscle movement

A

tremor

94
Q

tingling, prickling, burning (pins and needles)

A

paresthesia

95
Q

numbness (no feeling)

A

anesthesia

96
Q

The hereditary material in humans. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same _________

A

DNA

97
Q

A distinct portion of a cell’s DNA that codes instructions for making everything the body needs, especially proteins

A

Gene

98
Q

Genes are packaged in bundles called ___________

A

chromosomes

99
Q

Humans have _________ pairs of chromosomes

A

23 pairs

100
Q

failure of 2 chromosomes to dissociate (separate)

A

nondisjunction

101
Q

name for having an extra chromosome

A

trisomy

102
Q

name for missing a chromosome

A

monosomy

103
Q

the process in which male and female sex cells develop for fertilization (chromosomal abnormality occurs in this phase)

A

gametogenesis

104
Q

Ovum + spermatozoa =

A

zygote

105
Q

the process of the neural tube transforming into the CNS

A

Neurulation

106
Q

neurulation starts in what week of gestation

A

3

107
Q

the _________ __________ develops into the neural tube, giving rise to the brain and spinal cord

A

neural plate

108
Q

agents that cause abnormal development of structures in the embryo

A

teratogens

109
Q

the occurrence of developmental defects in an organism caused by exposure to toxic substances during the period between conception and birth

A

teratogenesis

110
Q

40% of deaths in the first year of life are related to ________ __________

A

CNS malformations

111
Q

birth defect where the forebrain and midbrain are diminished in size or missing. Caused by defective fusion of the neural tube in the embryonic stage

A

Anencephaly

112
Q

results from fusion failure of the dorsal-caudal part of the neural tube in the first few embryonic weeks

A

spina bifida

113
Q

an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles resulting in an enlarged head

A

Hydrocephalus

114
Q

malformation of the skull cap causing the brain and the skull cap to be small

A

Microcephaly

115
Q

When the neural tube does not close completely during pregnancy resulting in an opening anywhere along the center of the skull, from the nose to the back of the neck, but most often at the back of the head, top of the head, or between the forehead and the nose

A

Encephalocele

116
Q

Causes muscle tissue to contract and is thought
to regulate CNS neuronal activity including
alertness, attention, memory, and learning. related to alzheimer’s

A

Acetylcholine

117
Q

Plays a role in motor control and our reward system. related to Parkinson’s

A

dopamine

118
Q

Affects attention, the sleep-wake cycle, and mood, and is involved in our fight-or-flight response

A

Norepinephrine

neuroscience (2 decks)

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