Neuroscience: The basics + gross anatomy Flashcards
an abnormality seen on a brain-imaging test
lesion
Lesions appear as _______ or _________ spots that don’t look like normal brain tissue
dark or light
more scientific name for a stroke
cerebrovascular accident
Stroke often results in the loss of ______, ________, and _________ functions caused by interruptions of blood supply to the brain
sensory, speech, and language
two types of neoplastic conditions
benign or malignant tumors
leading cause of dementia and chorea
Alzheimer’s disease
Degenerative condition in which atrophy of motor neurons of the spinal cord and cortex results in muscular weakness and spasticity
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Progressive disease of brain characterized by tremor, slowness of movement, and reduced muscular strength affecting motor speech
Parkinson’s
Progressive brain disease of dominant inheritance appearing in the mid-30s
Huntington’s
Motor disorder with or without language and cognitive deficits in children. Caused by damage to the cerebrum before, during, or after birth
Cerebral palsy
inflammation of membranes covering the spinal cord and cortical surface
meningitis
towards the top (crown) of the head
superior
towards the feet
inferior
in front of (in relation to what you’re talking about)
anterior
behind (in relation to what you’re talking about)
posterior
Either towards the back (in reference to spinal cord) or towards the crown of the head (in reference to brain)
dorsal
meaning “towards the lungs”. Either the front of the body (in reference to the spinal cord) or towards the feet (in reference to the brain)
ventral
Meaning “towards the nose”. Either towards the top of the body (in reference to the spinal cord) or towards the front of the brain
rostral
Meaning “towards the tail”. Either towards the feet (in reference to the spinal cord) or towards the back of the brain
caudal
3 types of planes
sagittal, coronal, horizontal/transverse
plane cute down through the nose
sagittal
cut like a crown / cutting off your face
coronal
cut like a headband
horizontal/transverse
the brain has bilateral __________ symmetry between hemispheres (not ________)
anatomical, not physiological
side of the brain generally dominant for language, speech, and analytic processing
left
side of the brain that generally dominates emotions, musical skills, metaphor, paralinguistics (tone and stress) and humor
right
The brain mostly has __________ brain organization meaning that the right side generally controls everything on the left side of the body and vise versa
contralateral
two largest divisions of the nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
responsible for carrying messages to and from the CNS
peripheral nervous system
two divisions of the peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic
controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS
somatic
controls involuntary body functions
autonomic nervous system
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
arouses the body to expend energy and is responsible for fight or flight
sympathetic
calms the body to conserve and maintain energy. responsible for rest and digest
parasympathetic
name for sensory nerves
afferent
name for motor nerves
efferent
receive information: bring information into the nervous systme
afferent nerves
motor information starts in the cerebral cortex and is sent down to the muscles through what nerves
efferent nerves
ridges in the cerebral cortex
gyri
Two of the most important gyri to know are the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus, also known as the ________ _______ ________ and the _________ ________ _________
primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex
dips/grooves in the cerebral cortex
sulci
important sulcus to know
central sulcus
name for a really big, deep sulcus
fissure
name for the fissure that separates the two brain hemispheres
medial longitudinal fissure
name for the important fissure that comes laterally across the brain
lateral fissure (sylvian fissure)
________ is a fatty coating on a nerve cell that helps information move faster
myelin
name for the non-myelinated nerve cell bodies
grey matter
grey matter is found on the surface of the ________ and ___________ and the interior of the spinal cord
cerebrum and cerebellum
a group of nerve cell bodies that work together for specific functions
ganglia
myelinated fiber tracts or neuronal axons
white matter
white matter is found inside the cerebrum and cerebellum and on the __________ of the spinal cord
surface
bundles of axons that cross the midline to connect such as the corpus callosum
commissure
Consists of the cerebral hemispheres divided by the longitudinal fissure and interconnected by the corpus callosum
cerebrum
4 cerebral lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
most anterior and largest lobe. deals with executive functions voluntary muscle movement, and language
frontal lobe
the frontal lobe contains the _________ ________ _________ where we find the homunculus and ________ area
primary motor cortex, Broca’s area
Lobe most associated with sensation including touch, kinesthesia, perception of temperature, and vibration
parietal lobe
the parietal lobe contains the primary sensory area, also known as the __________ ____________ or the sensory strip. This is organized in the same manner as the motor strip
the postcentral gyrus
the most posterior lobe
occipital lobe
________ information is processed in the occipital lobe
visual
Lobe associated with auditory processing and olfaction. The __________ area is located here
temporal, Wernicke’s area
three parts of the brainstem
medulla, pons, midbrain
52 regions on the cortex numbered on the basis of their cell type and laminar structure
Brodmann Areas
area of the brain responsible for the execution of voluntary motor movements
primary motor cortex / precentral gyrus
Area of the brain responsible for programming motor movements
premotor cortex / supplementary motor cortex
The premotor cortex does not program the motor commands for speech. These are generated in _________ _________
Broca’s Area
damage here may cause oral or limb apraxia
premotor cortex / supplementary motor cortex
Area that detect sensory information from the body regarding touch, proprioception, kinesthesia, and vibration
primary somatosensory cortex / postcentral gyrus
Area of the brain that discriminates what a sensation is
sensory association cortex
the most prefrontal area of the brain
the prefrontal region/cortex
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive function including _____________, abstract thinking, self-monitoring, __________ __________ and planning. It’s also responsible for _________, mood, and ___________-
reasoning, decision making, personality, and pragmatics
coordinates / programs motor movements for the production of speech sounds
Broca’s area
Broca’s area is found on the inferior ________ lobe in the hemisphere dominant for ___________
frontal lobe, language
refers to the inability or limited ability to understand written language and is typically acquired after brain injury or stroke
alexia
loss of the ability to write
agraphia
loss of the ability to deal with numbers/arithmetic
acalculia
an inability to attend (pay attention) to one side or the other
hemispatial neglect
involved in attaching meaning to auditory information (comprehension)
Wernicke’s Area
The primary sight for processing basic auditory information such as pitch, volume, and rhythm
primary auditory cortex/area
Area of the brain that does more complex processing of sound and allows for the recognition of complex sounds and patterns, such as speech and music
Secondary auditory cortex
loss of ability to name objects and people. Issue is with word finding, not visual recognition
anomia
area of the brain that receives input from the optic tract via the thalamus and does initial processing of visual input
primary visual cortex
damage to the _________ _______ _______ causes blind spots in the visual field or total blindness
primary visual cortex
damage to the secondary visual area could cause ________ ________, where people can see visual stimuli but cannot associate them with a meaning or identify their function
visual agnosia
paralysis on one side of the body
hemiplagia
weakness on one side of the body
hemiparesis
internal awareness of the range and direction of limb movements
kinesthesia
internal awareness of the position posture and movement (telling if you are leaning or sitting up straight)
proprioception
an abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should
neoplasm
purpose of collecting a case history
identify predisposing factors
impairment in voluntary movement
dyskinesia
slowness of movement
bradykinesia
involuntary, rhythmic muscle movement
tremor
tingling, prickling, burning (pins and needles)
paresthesia
numbness (no feeling)
anesthesia
The hereditary material in humans. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same _________
DNA
A distinct portion of a cell’s DNA that codes instructions for making everything the body needs, especially proteins
Gene
Genes are packaged in bundles called ___________
chromosomes
Humans have _________ pairs of chromosomes
23 pairs
failure of 2 chromosomes to dissociate (separate)
nondisjunction
name for having an extra chromosome
trisomy
name for missing a chromosome
monosomy
the process in which male and female sex cells develop for fertilization (chromosomal abnormality occurs in this phase)
gametogenesis
Ovum + spermatozoa =
zygote
the process of the neural tube transforming into the CNS
Neurulation
neurulation starts in what week of gestation
3
the _________ __________ develops into the neural tube, giving rise to the brain and spinal cord
neural plate
agents that cause abnormal development of structures in the embryo
teratogens
the occurrence of developmental defects in an organism caused by exposure to toxic substances during the period between conception and birth
teratogenesis
40% of deaths in the first year of life are related to ________ __________
CNS malformations
birth defect where the forebrain and midbrain are diminished in size or missing. Caused by defective fusion of the neural tube in the embryonic stage
Anencephaly
results from fusion failure of the dorsal-caudal part of the neural tube in the first few embryonic weeks
spina bifida
an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles resulting in an enlarged head
Hydrocephalus
malformation of the skull cap causing the brain and the skull cap to be small
Microcephaly
When the neural tube does not close completely during pregnancy resulting in an opening anywhere along the center of the skull, from the nose to the back of the neck, but most often at the back of the head, top of the head, or between the forehead and the nose
Encephalocele
Causes muscle tissue to contract and is thought
to regulate CNS neuronal activity including
alertness, attention, memory, and learning. related to alzheimer’s
Acetylcholine
Plays a role in motor control and our reward system. related to Parkinson’s
dopamine
Affects attention, the sleep-wake cycle, and mood, and is involved in our fight-or-flight response
Norepinephrine
