neuroscience exam 3 Flashcards
4 levels of the spinal cord
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
mnemonic to remember the 4 levels of the spinal cord
crunchy breakfast, tasty lunch, light dinner, snacktime!
contains cell bodies and interneurons and is the region of processing and integration in the spinal cord
central grey matter
contains cell bodies of the motor spinal nerves
ventral horn
contains cell bodies of the sensory sc tracts
dorsal horn
consists of myelinated ascending and descending nerve tracts in the spinal cord
white matter
The peripheral nervous system has ________ pairs of spinal nerves
31
motor neurons/spinal nerves are also known as
efferent or descending
motor nerves exit the spinal cord via the
ventral root
sensory neurons/spinal nerves are also known as
afferent or ascending
sensory spinal nerves extend from the sensory receptor and enter the spinal cord via the
dorsal root
transmit motor information from the cortex, through the internal capsule to the thalamus and brainstem to the spinal cord. At the intended SC level, UN synapse on to the interneurons in the ventral horn
descending sc tracts
two descending/motor tract groups
pyramidal and extrapyramidal
descending/motor tract responsible for voluntary control of muscles. originate in the cerebral cortex
pyramidal (lateral) tracts
descending/motor tract responsible for involuntary and automatic control of all musculature including tone, balance, posture, and locomotion. originate in the brain stem
extrapyramidal tract
the pyramidal tract is divided into what two tracts
corticospinal and corticobulbar
supplies the voluntary musculature to the body
corticospinal tract
supplies the voluntary musculature of the head and neck
corticobulbar tract
most corticobulbar fibers innervate the motor neurons _____________
bilaterally
As an exception to the bilateral innervation rule, the upper motor neurons for the _________ nerve have a contralateral innervation that only affects the muscles in the lower quadrant of the face
facial nerve
As an exception to the bilateral innervation rule, the upper motor neurons for the __________ nerve only provide contralateral innervation
hypoglossal
name for the loss of the sense of smell that comes with damage to the olfactory nerve
anosmia
lesion to this nerve can cause blindness
optic
involuntary back and forth movement of the eye
nystagmus
double vision or the perception of two images
diplopia
drooping of the upper eyelids
ptosis
nystagmus, diplopia, and ptosis can be seen with damage to what three cranial nerves
oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
damage to this nerve will cause a loss of sensation in the face and anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, poor mastication, and jaw deviation
trigeminal
damage here can cause a decrease in taste, facial paralysis (droop), facial paresis, ipsilateral hyperacusis (hypersensitive to sound), or Bell’s palsy
facial
lesions here cause deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, and decreased balance
vestibular cochlear
lesions here cause a loss of taste, loss of gag, and dysphagia
glossopharyngeal
lesions here cause tachycardia, dysphonia, dysphagia, and dysarthria
vagus
lesions here cause decreased laryngeal elevation in swallow, weakness in head movement and shoulder elevation
spinal accessory
Name for twitching on the tongue
fasciculations
damage to this area causes fasciculations, dysphagia, dysarthria, deviation of the tongue, weakness or paralysis of the tongue
hypoglossal
The tongue deviates ________- the side of lesion
toward
