neuroscience exam 3

Question 1

4 levels of the spinal cord

Answer 1

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 2

mnemonic to remember the 4 levels of the spinal cord

Answer 2

crunchy breakfast, tasty lunch, light dinner, snacktime!

Question 3

contains cell bodies and interneurons and is the region of processing and integration in the spinal cord

Answer 3

central grey matter

Question 4

contains cell bodies of the motor spinal nerves

Answer 4

ventral horn

Question 5

contains cell bodies of the sensory sc tracts

Answer 5

dorsal horn

Question 6

consists of myelinated ascending and descending nerve tracts in the spinal cord

Answer 6

white matter

Question 7

The peripheral nervous system has ________ pairs of spinal nerves

Answer 7

31

Question 8

motor neurons/spinal nerves are also known as

Answer 8

efferent or descending

Question 9

motor nerves exit the spinal cord via the

Answer 9

ventral root

Question 10

sensory neurons/spinal nerves are also known as

Answer 10

afferent or ascending

Question 11

sensory spinal nerves extend from the sensory receptor and enter the spinal cord via the

Answer 11

dorsal root

Question 12

transmit motor information from the cortex, through the internal capsule to the thalamus and brainstem to the spinal cord. At the intended SC level, UN synapse on to the interneurons in the ventral horn

Answer 12

descending sc tracts

Question 13

two descending/motor tract groups

Answer 13

pyramidal and extrapyramidal

Question 14

descending/motor tract responsible for voluntary control of muscles. originate in the cerebral cortex

Answer 14

pyramidal (lateral) tracts

Question 15

descending/motor tract responsible for involuntary and automatic control of all musculature including tone, balance, posture, and locomotion. originate in the brain stem

Answer 15

extrapyramidal tract

Question 16

the pyramidal tract is divided into what two tracts

Answer 16

corticospinal and corticobulbar

Question 17

supplies the voluntary musculature to the body

Answer 17

corticospinal tract

Question 18

supplies the voluntary musculature of the head and neck

Answer 18

corticobulbar tract

Question 19

most corticobulbar fibers innervate the motor neurons _____________

Answer 19

bilaterally

Question 20

As an exception to the bilateral innervation rule, the upper motor neurons for the _________ nerve have a contralateral innervation that only affects the muscles in the lower quadrant of the face

Answer 20

facial nerve

Question 21

As an exception to the bilateral innervation rule, the upper motor neurons for the __________ nerve only provide contralateral innervation

Answer 21

hypoglossal

Question 22

name for the loss of the sense of smell that comes with damage to the olfactory nerve

Answer 22

anosmia

Question 23

lesion to this nerve can cause blindness

Answer 23

optic

Question 24

involuntary back and forth movement of the eye

Answer 24

nystagmus

Question 25

double vision or the perception of two images

Answer 25

diplopia

Question 26

drooping of the upper eyelids

Answer 26

ptosis

Question 27

nystagmus, diplopia, and ptosis can be seen with damage to what three cranial nerves

Answer 27

oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

Question 28

damage to this nerve will cause a loss of sensation in the face and anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, poor mastication, and jaw deviation

Answer 28

trigeminal

Question 29

damage here can cause a decrease in taste, facial paralysis (droop), facial paresis, ipsilateral hyperacusis (hypersensitive to sound), or Bell’s palsy

Answer 29

facial

Question 30

lesions here cause deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, and decreased balance

Answer 30

vestibular cochlear

Question 31

lesions here cause a loss of taste, loss of gag, and dysphagia

Answer 31

glossopharyngeal

Question 32

lesions here cause tachycardia, dysphonia, dysphagia, and dysarthria

Answer 32

vagus

Question 33

lesions here cause decreased laryngeal elevation in swallow, weakness in head movement and shoulder elevation

Answer 33

spinal accessory

Question 34

Name for twitching on the tongue

Answer 34

fasciculations

Question 35

damage to this area causes fasciculations, dysphagia, dysarthria, deviation of the tongue, weakness or paralysis of the tongue

Answer 35

hypoglossal

Question 36

The tongue deviates ________- the side of lesion

Answer 36

toward