Neuroscience Exam 2: Basal ganglia, limbic system, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum Flashcards
A group of subcortical structures linked together that play a role in stereotypic movements, automated movements, and muscle tone
basal ganglia
Stereotypic movements
movements that do not have to be learned on a conscious level like swallowing and yawning
automated movements
movements that are initially learned and then mediated by the basal ganglia like riding a bike
parts of the basal ganglia
3 nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus), the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra
The caudate and the putamen are referred to collectively as the __________
striatum
The putamen and the globus pallidus make up the ________ _________
lenticular nucleus
The globus pallidus has two nuclei, an ______________ and an _____________
internal, external
The caudate and putamen are _________ lumped together as the striatum. The putamen and globus pallidus are lumped together _________ as the lenticular nucleus
functionally, anatomically
together, the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are called the ________ __________
corpus striatum
The caudate nucleus is divided into what 3 parts
head, body, and tail
what is attached to the tail of the caudate nucleus
amygdala
the internal state of muscle fiber tension within individual muscles and muscle groups
tone
A group of myelinated fiber tracts that connect the cortex to the cell bodies of lower motor neurons
the internal capsule
the internal capsule lies between the _________ nucleus and _________ nucleus
lenticular nucleus, caudate nucleus
fibers between the cortical surface and the thalamus create a fan-shaped sheet of axons called the ____________ __________ which carries nearly all neuron traffic to and from the cerebral cortex
corona radiata
the fibers of the corona radiata taper into the narrow space known as the ___________ ___________
internal capsule
dopamine is produced in the ___________ ____________ and sent through the striatum
substantia nigra
dopamine helps humans have smooth ___________ movements
coordinated
term referring to a movement disorder with too much movement
hyperkinesia
term for involuntary jerky/writhing movements
chorea
2 main basal ganglia disorders
Parkinson disease, huntington disease
A progressive degenerative condition of dominant inheritance with typical onset between 40 and 50
Huntington’s Chorea
two major pathways run through the basal ganglia. The ________ pathway and the ________ pathway
direct and indirect
The direct pathway ____________ movement
facilitates
The indirect pathways ____________ movement
inhibits
extrapyramidal motor functions regulated by the basal ganglia include:
posture, balance, arm swinging and other body movements
word for involuntary postures including rigidity, dystonia, and bradykinesia
akinesia
word for involuntary movements
dyskinesia
True or false: patients can have akinesia and dyskinesia at the same time
true: Parkinson disease includes two akinesias (bradykinesia and rigidity) and one dyskinesia (tremor). Huntington disease typically has one dyskinesia (chorea) and one akinesia (dystonia).
With Parkinson disease, the _________ pathway not longer functions correctly and the __________ pathway dominates function, causing an overinhibition of movement
direct, indirect
three main signs of Parkinson disease
bradykinesia (slowness in movement), tremor, and rigidity
With Huntington disease, the loss of neurons in the striatum results in impairment to the ___________ pathway, resulting in increased movement (hyperkinesia)
indirect pathway
a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics
Tourette’s syndrome
In Parkinson’s there is degeneration of the ___________ ___________ which decreases ____________
substantia nigra, dopamine
Often referred to as the “old brain”
the diencephalon
The diencephalon includes what 5 key structures
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and pituitary gland
The thalamus receives information from the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and all sensory pathways except the _________ tract. It integrates the messages and sends them to the cortex for further processing
olfactory
the thalamus is divided into two lobes separated by the _______ ________ and connected via the _________ __________
3rd ventricle, interthalamic adhesion
Apart from being a sensory relay station, the thalamus plays a role in the perception of _________, regulation of cortical _________ and the sleep-wake ___________
pain, arousal, cycle
Possible symptoms of thalamic lesions
breakdown in perception of sensory information, disorders of consciousness (coma, hypersomnia), hypersensitivity to stimuli that are not normally painful
The only way to look at all the structures of the diencephalon
midsagittal view
membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain
septum pellucidum
bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that carries efferent tracts from the hippocampus. The fornix also carries some afferent fibers to the hippocampus from structures in the diencephalon and basal forebrain
fornix
structure located immediately inferior and slightly anterior to the thalamus. Forms the floor and part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle
hypothalamus
connects the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and controls aspects of metabolism, temperature, food intake, circadian rhythms, emotion, and secondary sex characteristics (homeostasis)
hypothalamus
lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and consists of the pineal gland, habenula, and stria medullaris
epithalamus
the pineal gland produces ____________ which is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms, and gonad development
melatonin
located inferior to the thalamus and is important for motor movement.
subthalamus
Collection of subcortical brain structures lateral to the thalamus involved in recent memory, emotion, motivation, and reinforcement
the limbic system
9 structures of the limbic system
Sensory cortex
Cingulate cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Mamillary body
Olfactory bulb
The _________ _________ inhibits the activity of the limbic system
prefrontal cortex
Alcohol or drugs compromise the prefrontal cortex, resulting in __________ _________
limbic behaviors
involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli such as those related to reward, fear, and anxiety, in addition to social functions such as mating. Plays a role interpretation of feelings
amygdala
structure required for the formation of long-term memories
hippocampus
structure located immediately superior to the corpus callosum related to anxiety, panic, and compulsion
cingulate gyrus
small structure important for the formation of memory
mammillary body
structure for olfactory sensory input, memories, and smell
olfactory bulb
lesions in the ________ _________ can cause behavioral changes related to motivation, fear, aggression, and sexual behavior
limbic system
The nuclei of the vagus nerve is found in the ________ _______
medulla oblongata
Most of the cranial nerves important for speech and swallowing are located in the ____________
medulla
80% of motor fibers ________ at the level of the medulla
decussate
Brainstem lesions can cause
coma - persistent vegetative state, brain death
locked-in syndrome
The reticular formation has what two components
ascending reticular formation, descending reticular formation
the ascending reticular formation is also known as the ______ _______ ________ as it is responsible for mediating various levels of alertness.
reticular activating system
the descending reticular formation is also known as the ______ _______ ________ and is involved in posture and equilibrium and states of unconsciousness. also plays a role in motor movement
reticular inhibiting system
The _________ reticular nuclei in the brain are involved in reflexive behavior such as coughing, chewing, swallowing, and vomiting
descending
The cerebellum is located dorsal to the _________ and _________ from which it is separated by the fourth ventricle
pons and medulla
cerebellum is divided into ___ hemispheres with ______ lobes each
2 hemispheres, 3 lobes
cerebral hemispheres are separated by a thin structure called the ________
vermus
3 cerebellar lobes
anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobe
3 roles of the cerebellum
proprioception, kinesthesia, coordination of fine muscle movements, and motor learning (fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial and error process)
injury to the cerebellum causes an incoordination in motor movement called:
ataxia
inability to perform rapid alternating movements
Dysdiadochokinesia
3 layers of delicate tissue surrounding the brain
meninges
three meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
meninges adhered to the skull
dura mater
meninges adhered tightly to the gyri and sulci
pia mater
cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space between the _________ mater and the _______ mater
arachnoid mater and pia mater
purpose of the meninges?
additional protection for the CNS
what are the 3 ventricles
2 lateral ventricles, thrid ventricle, fourth ventricle
ventricle that lies between the two thalamic bodies
third
ventricle located between the cerebellum and the pons
fourth
The _________ of _________, also called the cerebral aqueduct, connects the third and fourth ventricles
aqueduct of Sylvius
found in the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid by allowing certain components of blood to enter the ventricles
choroid plexus
3 purposes of cerebrospinal fluid
cushion for the neural axis, bringing nutrients and hormones to the brain and spinal cord, and removing waste from the system
main artery of the body that supplies blood to all areas except the lungs
aorta
aorta divides into what two arteries
common carotid, vertebral
common carotid divides into what two arteries
internal and external
vertebral separates into what two arteries
anterior spinal and basilar
The internal artery separates into what two arteries
middle and anterior
The basilar artery flows into the _________ artery
posterior cerebral
3 main cerebral arteries
anterior, middle, posterior
cerebral artery that supplies blood to the medial cortex and medial motor and sensory strip, parts of frontal lobe and corpus striatum
anterior cerebral artery
cerebral artery that supplies blood to the entire lateral aspect of the hemispheres, lateral motor and sensory strip, Broca’s, Wernicke’s Heschls and angular gyrus, majority of the corpus striatum
middle cerebral artery
cerebral artery that supplies blood to the medial and inferior temporal and occipital lobes, thalamus, and hypothalamus
posterior cerebral artery
circle of Willis: where the blood carried by the two ________ ________ arteries and the _________ system come together and then are redistributed by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries
internal carotids, basilar system
unilateral spastic weakness of the body
hemiparesis
unilateral spastic paralysis of the body
hemiplegia
a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries
atherosclerosis
5 stroke risk factors
hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, heart disease
type of ischemic stroke where the occlusion is in subortical region
lacunar
when clots block an arty and prevent blood flow
thrombotic ischemic stroke
when clots dislodge from their site of origin and become lodged in a smaller vessel
embolic ischemic stroke
the most common ischemic stroke
thrombotic
hemorrhagic strokes can be ________, __________,or __________
subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, or an aneurysm
