Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

neuroscience > Neuroscience Exam 2: Basal ganglia, limbic system, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum > Flashcards

Neuroscience Exam 2: Basal ganglia, limbic system, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

A group of subcortical structures linked together that play a role in stereotypic movements, automated movements, and muscle tone

A

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stereotypic movements

A

movements that do not have to be learned on a conscious level like swallowing and yawning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

automated movements

A

movements that are initially learned and then mediated by the basal ganglia like riding a bike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

parts of the basal ganglia

A

3 nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus), the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The caudate and the putamen are referred to collectively as the __________

A

striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The putamen and the globus pallidus make up the ________ _________

A

lenticular nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The globus pallidus has two nuclei, an ______________ and an _____________

A

internal, external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The caudate and putamen are _________ lumped together as the striatum. The putamen and globus pallidus are lumped together _________ as the lenticular nucleus

A

functionally, anatomically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

together, the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are called the ________ __________

A

corpus striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The caudate nucleus is divided into what 3 parts

A

head, body, and tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is attached to the tail of the caudate nucleus

A

amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the internal state of muscle fiber tension within individual muscles and muscle groups

A

tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A group of myelinated fiber tracts that connect the cortex to the cell bodies of lower motor neurons

A

the internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the internal capsule lies between the _________ nucleus and _________ nucleus

A

lenticular nucleus, caudate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fibers between the cortical surface and the thalamus create a fan-shaped sheet of axons called the ____________ __________ which carries nearly all neuron traffic to and from the cerebral cortex

A

corona radiata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the fibers of the corona radiata taper into the narrow space known as the ___________ ___________

A

internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dopamine is produced in the ___________ ____________ and sent through the striatum

A

substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dopamine helps humans have smooth ___________ movements

A

coordinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

term referring to a movement disorder with too much movement

A

hyperkinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

term for involuntary jerky/writhing movements

A

chorea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 main basal ganglia disorders

A

Parkinson disease, huntington disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A progressive degenerative condition of dominant inheritance with typical onset between 40 and 50

A

Huntington’s Chorea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

two major pathways run through the basal ganglia. The ________ pathway and the ________ pathway

A

direct and indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The direct pathway ____________ movement

A

facilitates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The indirect pathways ____________ movement

A

inhibits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

extrapyramidal motor functions regulated by the basal ganglia include:

A

posture, balance, arm swinging and other body movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

word for involuntary postures including rigidity, dystonia, and bradykinesia

A

akinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

word for involuntary movements

A

dyskinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True or false: patients can have akinesia and dyskinesia at the same time

A

true: Parkinson disease includes two akinesias (bradykinesia and rigidity) and one dyskinesia (tremor). Huntington disease typically has one dyskinesia (chorea) and one akinesia (dystonia).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

With Parkinson disease, the _________ pathway not longer functions correctly and the __________ pathway dominates function, causing an overinhibition of movement

A

direct, indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

three main signs of Parkinson disease

A

bradykinesia (slowness in movement), tremor, and rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

With Huntington disease, the loss of neurons in the striatum results in impairment to the ___________ pathway, resulting in increased movement (hyperkinesia)

A

indirect pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics

A

Tourette’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In Parkinson’s there is degeneration of the ___________ ___________ which decreases ____________

A

substantia nigra, dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Often referred to as the “old brain”

A

the diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The diencephalon includes what 5 key structures

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The thalamus receives information from the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and all sensory pathways except the _________ tract. It integrates the messages and sends them to the cortex for further processing

A

olfactory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the thalamus is divided into two lobes separated by the _______ ________ and connected via the _________ __________

A

3rd ventricle, interthalamic adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Apart from being a sensory relay station, the thalamus plays a role in the perception of _________, regulation of cortical _________ and the sleep-wake ___________

A

pain, arousal, cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Possible symptoms of thalamic lesions

A

breakdown in perception of sensory information, disorders of consciousness (coma, hypersomnia), hypersensitivity to stimuli that are not normally painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The only way to look at all the structures of the diencephalon

A

midsagittal view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain

A

septum pellucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that carries efferent tracts from the hippocampus. The fornix also carries some afferent fibers to the hippocampus from structures in the diencephalon and basal forebrain

A

fornix

43
Q

structure located immediately inferior and slightly anterior to the thalamus. Forms the floor and part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

connects the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and controls aspects of metabolism, temperature, food intake, circadian rhythms, emotion, and secondary sex characteristics (homeostasis)

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and consists of the pineal gland, habenula, and stria medullaris

A

epithalamus

46
Q

the pineal gland produces ____________ which is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms, and gonad development

A

melatonin

47
Q

located inferior to the thalamus and is important for motor movement.

A

subthalamus

48
Q

Collection of subcortical brain structures lateral to the thalamus involved in recent memory, emotion, motivation, and reinforcement

A

the limbic system

49
Q

9 structures of the limbic system

A

Sensory cortex
Cingulate cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Mamillary body
Olfactory bulb

50
Q

The _________ _________ inhibits the activity of the limbic system

A

prefrontal cortex

51
Q

Alcohol or drugs compromise the prefrontal cortex, resulting in __________ _________

A

limbic behaviors

52
Q

involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli such as those related to reward, fear, and anxiety, in addition to social functions such as mating. Plays a role interpretation of feelings

A

amygdala

53
Q

structure required for the formation of long-term memories

A

hippocampus

54
Q

structure located immediately superior to the corpus callosum related to anxiety, panic, and compulsion

A

cingulate gyrus

55
Q

small structure important for the formation of memory

A

mammillary body

56
Q

structure for olfactory sensory input, memories, and smell

A

olfactory bulb

57
Q

lesions in the ________ _________ can cause behavioral changes related to motivation, fear, aggression, and sexual behavior

A

limbic system

58
Q

The nuclei of the vagus nerve is found in the ________ _______

A

medulla oblongata

59
Q

Most of the cranial nerves important for speech and swallowing are located in the ____________

A

medulla

60
Q

80% of motor fibers ________ at the level of the medulla

A

decussate

61
Q

Brainstem lesions can cause

A

coma - persistent vegetative state, brain death
locked-in syndrome

62
Q

The reticular formation has what two components

A

ascending reticular formation, descending reticular formation

63
Q

the ascending reticular formation is also known as the ______ _______ ________ as it is responsible for mediating various levels of alertness.

A

reticular activating system

64
Q

the descending reticular formation is also known as the ______ _______ ________ and is involved in posture and equilibrium and states of unconsciousness. also plays a role in motor movement

A

reticular inhibiting system

65
Q

The _________ reticular nuclei in the brain are involved in reflexive behavior such as coughing, chewing, swallowing, and vomiting

A

descending

66
Q

The cerebellum is located dorsal to the _________ and _________ from which it is separated by the fourth ventricle

A

pons and medulla

67
Q

cerebellum is divided into ___ hemispheres with ______ lobes each

A

2 hemispheres, 3 lobes

68
Q

cerebral hemispheres are separated by a thin structure called the ________

A

vermus

69
Q

3 cerebellar lobes

A

anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobe

70
Q

3 roles of the cerebellum

A

proprioception, kinesthesia, coordination of fine muscle movements, and motor learning (fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial and error process)

71
Q

injury to the cerebellum causes an incoordination in motor movement called:

A

ataxia

72
Q

inability to perform rapid alternating movements

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

73
Q

3 layers of delicate tissue surrounding the brain

A

meninges

74
Q

three meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

75
Q

meninges adhered to the skull

A

dura mater

76
Q

meninges adhered tightly to the gyri and sulci

A

pia mater

77
Q

cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space between the _________ mater and the _______ mater

A

arachnoid mater and pia mater

78
Q

purpose of the meninges?

A

additional protection for the CNS

79
Q

what are the 3 ventricles

A

2 lateral ventricles, thrid ventricle, fourth ventricle

80
Q

ventricle that lies between the two thalamic bodies

A

third

81
Q

ventricle located between the cerebellum and the pons

A

fourth

82
Q

The _________ of _________, also called the cerebral aqueduct, connects the third and fourth ventricles

A

aqueduct of Sylvius

83
Q

found in the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid by allowing certain components of blood to enter the ventricles

A

choroid plexus

84
Q

3 purposes of cerebrospinal fluid

A

cushion for the neural axis, bringing nutrients and hormones to the brain and spinal cord, and removing waste from the system

85
Q

main artery of the body that supplies blood to all areas except the lungs

A

aorta

86
Q

aorta divides into what two arteries

A

common carotid, vertebral

87
Q

common carotid divides into what two arteries

A

internal and external

88
Q

vertebral separates into what two arteries

A

anterior spinal and basilar

89
Q

The internal artery separates into what two arteries

A

middle and anterior

90
Q

The basilar artery flows into the _________ artery

A

posterior cerebral

91
Q

3 main cerebral arteries

A

anterior, middle, posterior

92
Q

cerebral artery that supplies blood to the medial cortex and medial motor and sensory strip, parts of frontal lobe and corpus striatum

A

anterior cerebral artery

93
Q

cerebral artery that supplies blood to the entire lateral aspect of the hemispheres, lateral motor and sensory strip, Broca’s, Wernicke’s Heschls and angular gyrus, majority of the corpus striatum

A

middle cerebral artery

94
Q

cerebral artery that supplies blood to the medial and inferior temporal and occipital lobes, thalamus, and hypothalamus

A

posterior cerebral artery

95
Q

circle of Willis: where the blood carried by the two ________ ________ arteries and the _________ system come together and then are redistributed by the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

A

internal carotids, basilar system

96
Q

unilateral spastic weakness of the body

A

hemiparesis

97
Q

unilateral spastic paralysis of the body

A

hemiplegia

98
Q

a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries

A

atherosclerosis

99
Q

5 stroke risk factors

A

hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, heart disease

100
Q

type of ischemic stroke where the occlusion is in subortical region

A

lacunar

101
Q

when clots block an arty and prevent blood flow

A

thrombotic ischemic stroke

102
Q

when clots dislodge from their site of origin and become lodged in a smaller vessel

A

embolic ischemic stroke

103
Q
A
104
Q

the most common ischemic stroke

A

thrombotic

105
Q

hemorrhagic strokes can be ________, __________,or __________

A

subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, or an aneurysm

neuroscience (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions