Neuroscience--Neurophysiology

Question 1

Which cell types secretes innate pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-B in patients with inflammatory conditions that affect the brain?

Answer 1

Microglia

Question 2

The cortical synaptic remodeling characteristic of normal adlescence is also believed to be associated with what neurobiological change?

Answer 2

Preferential loss of excitatory synapses

Question 3

Relaxation state in biofeedback shows decreasing

Answer 3

skin conductance

Question 4

How do inflammatory cytokines contribute to depression?

Answer 4

Increases serotonin reuptake transporters (opposite of SSRIs)

Question 5

Effect of histone acetylation leads to?

Answer 5

activates transcription

Question 6

Genetic test most efficient in sequencing protein coding regions?

Answer 6

whole exome sequencing

Question 7

Which cells form neural circuits and scavenge for debris in the brain?

Answer 7

Microglia

Question 8

Best time for amniocentesis to assess for genetic disorders

Answer 8

20 weeks

Question 9

compared to genetic codes, epigenetic codes are characterized by:

Answer 9

dynamic three dimensional structure

Question 10

Three major epigenetic mechanisms?

Answer 10

DNA methylation, histone modification, micro-RNAs

Question 11

Hormone released from adipose tissues, enters the brain and provides negative feedback/reduces food intake, regulates fat stores?

Answer 11

Leptin

Question 12

Process of calcium mediated long-lasting increase in AMPA receptor signal transmission

Answer 12

Long-term potentiation

Question 13

What does the hypothalamus secrete when you are stressed?

Answer 13

Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH

Question 14

The rapid learning demonstrated by children during the school-age years is paralleled neurodevelopmentally by which of the following brain processes?

Answer 14

Increase in white matter

Question 15

The most important feature of postnatal brain development is an increase in what?

Answer 15

number of dendritic and axonal processes

Question 16

What occurs when the CNS responds to an acute cortical insult?

Answer 16

Microglia processes retract, and the cell body enlarges

Question 17

hormone release during sleep which doesn’t have a circadian rhythm pattern

Answer 17

growth hormone

Question 18

neuronal plasticity for learning and memory is best accounted for by?

Answer 18

synaptic connectivity

Question 19

What is a positive effect of neuroinflammatory response?

Answer 19

microglial propagation of cytokines with associated decreased physical activity in response to a peripheral infection

Question 20

potent neuroprotective factor factor preventing neuronal cell death (apoptosis)

Answer 20

pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide

Question 21

what type of receptor is a glucocorticoid receptor?

Answer 21

Nuclear

Question 22

how estrogen modulates effects on neuroinflammation

Answer 22

decreased inflammatory cytokines

Question 23

What do you call a modulator that enhances receptor function when an agonist is present but does not directly activate the receptor

Answer 23

positive allosteric modulator

Question 24

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor associated with reward properties of nicotine

Answer 24

a4B2