Neuroscience Flashcards
60 year old right handed male, getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left sided hemi-neglect. Where is the lesion?
Right parietal lobe
66 year old with HTN develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups. L facial numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia of limbs, staggering gait, and tendency to fall to the left. Dx?
Lateral medullary stroke
26 year old with headache and right hand clumsiness for weeks. Exam shows difficulty with rapid alternating movements of hand, overt intention tremor on finger to nose, and mildly dysmetric finger tapping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where will damage show on MRI?
Cerebellum
78 year old pt had an ischedmic stroke that left him with a residual mild hemiplegia. Pt appeared to be unaware that there was a problem of weakness on one side of this body. When asked to raise the weak arm, the patient raised his normal arm. When the failure to raise the paralyzed arm was pointed out to pt, he admitted that the arm was slightly weak. He also neglects the side of the body when dressing and grooming. Pt did not shave one side of his face, had difficulty putting a shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area of the brain likely affected by stroke?
Right Parietal lobe
MRI scan of head reveals an infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral artery. Pt most likely exhibits:
Weakness of contralateral foot and leg, sparing of face and arm, with abulia
Adult neurogenesis in which area of the brain?
Hippocampus
Previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over 6 months. Most likely pathology in
Frontal lobe
Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia
Brain stem infarction
In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain
Ventral tegmental area
Which brain region does leptin work at
hypothalamus
oxytocin suppresses which brain region
amygdala
hypothalamus area for maternal behavior
pre-optic
Crania nerve for gag reflex and palette elevation
vagal nerve
the medial temporal lobe is responsible for what type of memory
declarative
which of the following statements regarding the development of the CNS in the first two years of life is correct?
motor cortex develops before sensory cortex
Which of the following cortical regions is a key component of the salience network
anterior cingulate cortex
initial learning phase of skilled motor sequence requires corticostriatal system and what other system
corticocerobellar
reduced hippocampal volume causes what type of memory impairment
declarative
histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate in which brain nucelei
tuberomamillary
Pt recieves neck manipulation, now has dysarthric speech, gait ataxia, numbness right body, neck pain
vertebral artery dissection
which areas are connected by the stria terminalis
amygdala to the septal area and the hypothalamus
Wakefulness depends on which brain area
ascending reticular activating system
What forms the neural tube
ectoderm
rTMS for MDD targets which brain region
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Neurogenesis in the adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain
dentate gyrus
Bipolar has decreased connectivity here
amygdala and pre-frontal cortex
Biogenic amine made in locus ceruleus
norepinephrine
CNS response to fear mediated by what structure
central nucleus of the amygdala
brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces
amygdala
CNS region containing dopaminergic neurons projecting to caudate and putamen
substantia nigra
area of brain responsible for face recognition
fusiform gyrus
area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
which part of cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli
lateral orbitofrontal
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, striatum and ___ are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms
thalamus
The blood brain barrier is made up of what kind of cells?
endothelial
Orexin is made in what part of the brain?
hypothalamus
Dopamine neurons in what system is primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive processing
mesocortical
Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and mediates addiction and associated behaviors
mesolimbic
Development of brain grey-matter volume peaks at what stage
late childhood
In a pt with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis?
basal ganglia
65 year old pt has a stroke which causes him to fall. On exam, weakness of the right leg, with only minor weakness of the right hand, no weakness of the face, no sensory deficit. Speech is not affected, but pt seems unusually quiet and passive. The stroke most likely involves the:
Left anterior cerebral artery
Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involves all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of the following arteries
posterior cerebral
Right sided palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm and leg combined with third nerve palsy is most likely due to occlusion of a branch of which artery?
posterior cerebral
Bilateral lower extremity weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?
anterior cerebral
pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk and leg caused by lacunar infarct where?
lateral thalamus
Blocking R PCA (posterior cerebral artery) causes which visual disturbance?
Left homonomymous hemianopsia
The clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral artery would result in which of the following?
homonomymous hemianopia with alexia without agraphia
28 year old cocaine user complains of LBP, numbness in both legs and feet, thighs, buttocks, abdomen and says R leg is weak and clumsy. L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and difficulty walking. Decreased light touch, pinprick, and temperature. Normal vibration and proprioception. DTR is hard to elicit. Muscle tone is normal. Decreased strength in B/l LE but worse on right. Diagnosis?
Anterior spinal artery infarction
Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of demonstrable weakness, ataxia, or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of
Left parietal cortex
Normal romberg with eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where is the abnormality?
Cerebellar vermis
Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI–hyperactivity in right temporal lobe. Damage is where?
Posterior frontal lobe
A pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause
bitemporal hemianopsia
Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure
arcuate fasciculus
unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, headaches, mild facial weakness, and ipsilateral limb ataxia is most commonly associated with tumors in what location
cerebellopontine angle
20 year old with 1 year history of bitemporal headaches, polydipsia, polyuria, and bulimia plus 2 month history of emotional outbursts, aggression and transient confusion. Neuro exam normal, What will MRI of the brain show?
hypothalamic tumor
34 year old male is referred for psychiatric evaluation 5 years after sustaining a head injury at work. Prior to the accident, he was a stable, happily married man. since the accident, he has been described as overly talkative and restless. His wife divorced him because he was acting irresposibly, which also resulted in termination from his job. Psychometric testing reveals that the man has average intelligence and no detectable memory deficits. Pt’s clinical presentation is most consistent with damage to which of the following brain areas?
Frontal lobe
Pt reports headaches and peripheral visual loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal fields of both eyes are detected. An MRI scan is likely to reveal?
A mass in the sella turcica
Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage of where?
Reticular formation
Acute onsent of hemiballismus of LUE and LLE. MRI is most likely to show lesion located where?
Subthalamic nucleus
Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which of the following structures
anterior cingulate gyrus
Which lesion causes bilateral ciarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and present with horizontal and vertical gaze?
brainstem
32 year old pt 1 month hx of worsening headaches, episodic mood swings and occasional hallucinations with visual, tactile and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where?
temporal lobe
What does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?
Diverse roles in movement, behavior and learning
Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comphrehension, inability to repeat w/o associated signs. Location of lesion in the brain?
supramarginal gyrus or insula
Lesions in mamillary bodies with produce what symptoms
amnesia, confabulation, lack of insight
62 year old progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, and apathy. An autopsy is likely to show atrophy of
frontal lobe
Implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinson’s. Optimal location for electrodes?
Subthalamic nucleus
Deep brain stimulation in which brain structure is a useful treatment for primary generalized dystonia?
globus pallidus
Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway includes which structure?
ventral striatum
Neural plasticity largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology in which of the following?
Dendritic spines
The uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?
anterior temporal and ventral pre-frontal regions
what are the cortical columns?
functional units for information processing
Abnormal emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons and what?
Cerebellum
exposure to light affects which brain structure?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
when does synaptogenesis peak?
first 4 years of life
why does the brain rapidly increase in size from birth to two years old?
synaptogenesis of neurons
where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most>
prefrontal cortex
threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?
amygdala
Huntington’s disease characterized by loss of neurons producing which neurotransmitter?
GABA
17 year old is evaluated for binge eating associated with a 60 lb weight gain over the past four months. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts what structure?
ventromedial hypothalamus
what is an accurate statement about the brain’s default mode network?
is involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli
The most likely reason that adults are superior adolescents in abstract thinking. The brain undergoes:
synaptic pruning
Dorsal lateral pre frontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?
working memory
drug abuse activates these neuro circuits generating signals in the ventral tegmental area to where?
dopamine into the nucelus accumbens
ninety five percent of right handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language. What percentage of left handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language?
75%
Neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?
amygdala-hypothalamus-periaqueductal gray
area of frontal cortex activated in Wisconsin Card sorting test during shifting of cognitive sets?
dorsolateral
After middle age, what region of the brain has decreasing sleep spindle density?
frontal and occipital lobes
what neurodevelopmental process predominantly occurs during adolescence and young adulthood?
synaptic pruning
Where in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
what sensation is transmitted through the spinothalamic tract?
Pain
ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic?
working memory
neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen, and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function?
affective processing
what type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?
Schwann
Region of the brain most closely associated with cortical processing of faces
left parietal
this hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue and brainstem
arcuate nucleus
Region of the brain connected with the anterior medial frontal cortex during recognition of affective behavior by mirror neuron system
Insula
Corticotropin releasing hormone is released from which brain region during stress
paraventricular nucleus
