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PRITE > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

60 year old right handed male, getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left sided hemi-neglect. Where is the lesion?

A

Right parietal lobe

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2
Q

66 year old with HTN develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups. L facial numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia of limbs, staggering gait, and tendency to fall to the left. Dx?

A

Lateral medullary stroke

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3
Q

26 year old with headache and right hand clumsiness for weeks. Exam shows difficulty with rapid alternating movements of hand, overt intention tremor on finger to nose, and mildly dysmetric finger tapping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where will damage show on MRI?

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

78 year old pt had an ischedmic stroke that left him with a residual mild hemiplegia. Pt appeared to be unaware that there was a problem of weakness on one side of this body. When asked to raise the weak arm, the patient raised his normal arm. When the failure to raise the paralyzed arm was pointed out to pt, he admitted that the arm was slightly weak. He also neglects the side of the body when dressing and grooming. Pt did not shave one side of his face, had difficulty putting a shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area of the brain likely affected by stroke?

A

Right Parietal lobe

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5
Q

MRI scan of head reveals an infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral artery. Pt most likely exhibits:

A

Weakness of contralateral foot and leg, sparing of face and arm, with abulia

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6
Q

Adult neurogenesis in which area of the brain?

A

Hippocampus

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7
Q

Previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over 6 months. Most likely pathology in

A

Frontal lobe

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8
Q

Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia

A

Brain stem infarction

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9
Q

In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain

A

Ventral tegmental area

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10
Q

Which brain region does leptin work at

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

oxytocin suppresses which brain region

A

amygdala

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12
Q

hypothalamus area for maternal behavior

A

pre-optic

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13
Q

Crania nerve for gag reflex and palette elevation

A

vagal nerve

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14
Q

the medial temporal lobe is responsible for what type of memory

A

declarative

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15
Q

which of the following statements regarding the development of the CNS in the first two years of life is correct?

A

motor cortex develops before sensory cortex

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16
Q

Which of the following cortical regions is a key component of the salience network

A

anterior cingulate cortex

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17
Q

initial learning phase of skilled motor sequence requires corticostriatal system and what other system

A

corticocerobellar

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18
Q

reduced hippocampal volume causes what type of memory impairment

A

declarative

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19
Q

histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate in which brain nucelei

A

tuberomamillary

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20
Q

Pt recieves neck manipulation, now has dysarthric speech, gait ataxia, numbness right body, neck pain

A

vertebral artery dissection

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21
Q

which areas are connected by the stria terminalis

A

amygdala to the septal area and the hypothalamus

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22
Q

Wakefulness depends on which brain area

A

ascending reticular activating system

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23
Q

What forms the neural tube

A

ectoderm

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24
Q

rTMS for MDD targets which brain region

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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25
Q

Neurogenesis in the adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain

A

dentate gyrus

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26
Q

Bipolar has decreased connectivity here

A

amygdala and pre-frontal cortex

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27
Q

Biogenic amine made in locus ceruleus

A

norepinephrine

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28
Q

CNS response to fear mediated by what structure

A

central nucleus of the amygdala

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29
Q

brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces

A

amygdala

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30
Q

CNS region containing dopaminergic neurons projecting to caudate and putamen

A

substantia nigra

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31
Q

area of brain responsible for face recognition

A

fusiform gyrus

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32
Q

area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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33
Q

which part of cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli

A

lateral orbitofrontal

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34
Q

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, striatum and ___ are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms

A

thalamus

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35
Q

The blood brain barrier is made up of what kind of cells?

A

endothelial

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36
Q

Orexin is made in what part of the brain?

A

hypothalamus

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37
Q

Dopamine neurons in what system is primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive processing

A

mesocortical

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38
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and mediates addiction and associated behaviors

A

mesolimbic

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39
Q

Development of brain grey-matter volume peaks at what stage

A

late childhood

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40
Q

In a pt with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis?

A

basal ganglia

41
Q

65 year old pt has a stroke which causes him to fall. On exam, weakness of the right leg, with only minor weakness of the right hand, no weakness of the face, no sensory deficit. Speech is not affected, but pt seems unusually quiet and passive. The stroke most likely involves the:

A

Left anterior cerebral artery

42
Q

Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involves all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of the following arteries

A

posterior cerebral

43
Q

Right sided palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm and leg combined with third nerve palsy is most likely due to occlusion of a branch of which artery?

A

posterior cerebral

44
Q

Bilateral lower extremity weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?

A

anterior cerebral

45
Q

pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk and leg caused by lacunar infarct where?

A

lateral thalamus

46
Q

Blocking R PCA (posterior cerebral artery) causes which visual disturbance?

A

Left homonomymous hemianopsia

47
Q

The clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral artery would result in which of the following?

A

homonomymous hemianopia with alexia without agraphia

48
Q

28 year old cocaine user complains of LBP, numbness in both legs and feet, thighs, buttocks, abdomen and says R leg is weak and clumsy. L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and difficulty walking. Decreased light touch, pinprick, and temperature. Normal vibration and proprioception. DTR is hard to elicit. Muscle tone is normal. Decreased strength in B/l LE but worse on right. Diagnosis?

A

Anterior spinal artery infarction

49
Q

Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of demonstrable weakness, ataxia, or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of

A

Left parietal cortex

50
Q

Normal romberg with eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where is the abnormality?

A

Cerebellar vermis

51
Q

Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI–hyperactivity in right temporal lobe. Damage is where?

A

Posterior frontal lobe

52
Q

A pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

53
Q

Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure

A

arcuate fasciculus

54
Q

unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, headaches, mild facial weakness, and ipsilateral limb ataxia is most commonly associated with tumors in what location

A

cerebellopontine angle

55
Q

20 year old with 1 year history of bitemporal headaches, polydipsia, polyuria, and bulimia plus 2 month history of emotional outbursts, aggression and transient confusion. Neuro exam normal, What will MRI of the brain show?

A

hypothalamic tumor

56
Q

34 year old male is referred for psychiatric evaluation 5 years after sustaining a head injury at work. Prior to the accident, he was a stable, happily married man. since the accident, he has been described as overly talkative and restless. His wife divorced him because he was acting irresposibly, which also resulted in termination from his job. Psychometric testing reveals that the man has average intelligence and no detectable memory deficits. Pt’s clinical presentation is most consistent with damage to which of the following brain areas?

A

Frontal lobe

57
Q

Pt reports headaches and peripheral visual loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal fields of both eyes are detected. An MRI scan is likely to reveal?

A

A mass in the sella turcica

58
Q

Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage of where?

A

Reticular formation

59
Q

Acute onsent of hemiballismus of LUE and LLE. MRI is most likely to show lesion located where?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

60
Q

Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which of the following structures

A

anterior cingulate gyrus

61
Q

Which lesion causes bilateral ciarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and present with horizontal and vertical gaze?

A

brainstem

62
Q

32 year old pt 1 month hx of worsening headaches, episodic mood swings and occasional hallucinations with visual, tactile and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where?

A

temporal lobe

63
Q

What does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?

A

Diverse roles in movement, behavior and learning

64
Q

Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comphrehension, inability to repeat w/o associated signs. Location of lesion in the brain?

A

supramarginal gyrus or insula

65
Q

Lesions in mamillary bodies with produce what symptoms

A

amnesia, confabulation, lack of insight

66
Q

62 year old progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, and apathy. An autopsy is likely to show atrophy of

A

frontal lobe

67
Q

Implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinson’s. Optimal location for electrodes?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

68
Q

Deep brain stimulation in which brain structure is a useful treatment for primary generalized dystonia?

A

globus pallidus

69
Q

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway includes which structure?

A

ventral striatum

70
Q

Neural plasticity largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology in which of the following?

A

Dendritic spines

71
Q

The uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?

A

anterior temporal and ventral pre-frontal regions

72
Q

what are the cortical columns?

A

functional units for information processing

73
Q

Abnormal emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons and what?

A

Cerebellum

74
Q

exposure to light affects which brain structure?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

75
Q

when does synaptogenesis peak?

A

first 4 years of life

76
Q

why does the brain rapidly increase in size from birth to two years old?

A

synaptogenesis of neurons

77
Q

where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most>

A

prefrontal cortex

78
Q

threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?

A

amygdala

79
Q

Huntington’s disease characterized by loss of neurons producing which neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

80
Q

17 year old is evaluated for binge eating associated with a 60 lb weight gain over the past four months. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts what structure?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

81
Q

what is an accurate statement about the brain’s default mode network?

A

is involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli

82
Q

The most likely reason that adults are superior adolescents in abstract thinking. The brain undergoes:

A

synaptic pruning

83
Q

Dorsal lateral pre frontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?

A

working memory

84
Q

drug abuse activates these neuro circuits generating signals in the ventral tegmental area to where?

A

dopamine into the nucelus accumbens

85
Q

ninety five percent of right handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language. What percentage of left handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language?

A

75%

86
Q

Neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?

A

amygdala-hypothalamus-periaqueductal gray

87
Q

area of frontal cortex activated in Wisconsin Card sorting test during shifting of cognitive sets?

A

dorsolateral

88
Q

After middle age, what region of the brain has decreasing sleep spindle density?

A

frontal and occipital lobes

89
Q

what neurodevelopmental process predominantly occurs during adolescence and young adulthood?

A

synaptic pruning

90
Q

Where in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

91
Q

what sensation is transmitted through the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain

92
Q

ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic?

A

working memory

93
Q

neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen, and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function?

A

affective processing

94
Q

what type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?

A

Schwann

95
Q

Region of the brain most closely associated with cortical processing of faces

A

left parietal

96
Q

this hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue and brainstem

A

arcuate nucleus

97
Q

Region of the brain connected with the anterior medial frontal cortex during recognition of affective behavior by mirror neuron system

A

Insula

98
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone is released from which brain region during stress

A

paraventricular nucleus

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