neuroscience- history

Question 1

neuroscience

Answer 1

a study of the function and structures of the nervous system

Question 2

behavior

Answer 2

relates to the observable actions of humans, animals. In psychology, there is a history of using behavior as an indicator of internal mental processes, (thoughts, emotions and desires).

Question 3

Hippocrates, Ancient Greece
- first to propose that the brain controls the body (not heart).

Answer 3

‘father of modern medicine’, he noted the behavioral effects of brain damage.

Question 4

Rene Descartes

Answer 4

’ I think therefore I am’
- he first discussed the interactions between the mental and the physical. Interested in involuntary reflexes and believed behavior was driven by a system of fluid and pistons.

Question 5

Luigi Galviani

Answer 5

first to suggest the nerve signals are electrical and not fluid. Also made the discovery that an electrical charge applied to a frogs leg made the muscle contract. mylein sheath.

Question 6

Franz Joseph Gall

Answer 6

• Gall was first to propose the idea of a modular brain, and was interested in relationship between brain and personality.
• phrenology: proposed that the brain is composed of several distinct ‘organs of thought’ - reflected by the characteristic patterns of bumps on the skull.

Question 7

Paul Broca

Answer 7

provides evidence of brain modularity, and described his patient who has left frontal lobe damage as unable to speak. ‘Broca’s Aphaisa’= caused by damage to Broca’s area.

Question 8

Carl Wernicke

Answer 8

Wernicke’s Aphasia is caused by damage to Wernicke’s area. (unable to comprehend speech)

Question 9

Brain

Answer 9

1,400 grams, 3% of body weight, 100 billion neurons, 1,000,000 billion synapses

Question 10

animal research
human research

Answer 10

animal research = behavior
human research= psychology

Question 11

neuropsychology

Answer 11

research and clinical speciality, links brain damage with psychological processes, asses risk, assess impairments and improvements, behavioural and neuroimaging measures.

Question 12

psychopharmacology

Answer 12

the role of neurochem in mind and behaviour
natural= neurotransmitters and hormones
artificial= drugs.

Question 13

comparative neuroanatomy and psychology

Answer 13

brain evolution, origin of behaviours, commonalities accross species, links with brain regions and behaviour.

Question 14

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 14

• neural basis of cognitions (memory, language, perception, decision making etc)
• functional connectivity (how multiple brain regions work together to support complex functions)
• functional brain imaging fmri= common tool

Question 15

psychophysiology

Answer 15

• links electrical activity within the brain to congnitive functioning
• electroencephaography (EEG) a common tool
• today typically included witin congnitive neurosciece
• has a longer history and includes more basic responses such as ‘startle’

Question 16

allied disciplines pt 3

Answer 16

neuro morphic computing
cognitive computational neuroscience
in silico neuroscience