anatomic divisions of the brain Flashcards
navigating neural space - the human neural axis bends because the head is perpendicular to the back
rostral- ‘towards the beak’
caudal- ‘‘towards the tail’
dorsal- ‘towards the back’
ventral-‘ towards the belly’
corpus callosum
consists of large bundle of axons that connect two hemispheres
- green and blue represent contralateral connections.
callosotomy- procedure to cut the corpus collosum to stop severe epileptic seizures.
anatomical subdivisions of the brain
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
telencephalon- cerebral cortex
telencephalon is a subdivision of the forebrain and consists of the limbic system, Basal Ganglia and cerebral cortex.
Basal Ganglia
the nuclei of the basal ganglia are responsible for controlling involuntary movement, particular aspect that are highly involuntary (such as walking).
Limbic System
cocept of Limbic system is to descrive an emotion circuit in the brain, hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala and basal ganglia. however, this view has shortcomings because the amygdala plays an important role in emotion but hippocampus is more learning and memory.
thalamus (forebrain)
major relay station for sensory inputs to cerebral cortex. divided into several nuclei
hypothalamus (forebrain)
control the autonomic nervous system and endocrine (hormone) system.
Regulates survival behaviors (fighting, feeding, fleeing mating)
Midbrain- Mesecephalon
the midbrain and hindbrain are located in the brainstem. The midbrain is at topmost region of the brainstem, and sits directly above the hindbrain.
- It connects the pons and cerebellum with the forebrain. Plays an important role in motor movement, particularly movement in the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
Hind Brain
Includes the cerebellum and the Pons.
cerebellum
‘little brain’ and receives information from visual, auditory, somatosensory and vestibular systems help coordination of movement.
Pons (hindbrain)
It contains several nuclei important in regulating sleep and arousal, it also relays information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.
Medulla (hindbrain)
links the hindbrain to the spinal cord and contains neurons important for autonomic functions like respiration and heart rate.
Primary Visual Cortex
receives sensory information from the retina. Light stimulus from the external environment from both visual fields stimulate the corresponding area of the retina within each eye,.
orientation selectivity
neurons show ‘orientation selectivity’
Parietal lobe
Involved in attention and spatial awareness. Sits on the ‘dorsal surface’ of the cortex. Very good for spatial localization.
temporal lobe
Important in auditory processing, also involved in more complex visual processing., sits on the ‘ventral’ surface and known for role in complex object recognition.
primary audiory cortex
occupies the superior part of the temporal cortex, it receives auditory information from the cochlea. Receives sounds of different frequencies.
Primary somatosensory cortex
recieves sensory information from the skin (temp, touch and pain), different regions of the skin surface represented by different areas along the strip of cortex, forming the somatopic map (hands and face overrepresented).
primary motor cortex
different parts of the primary motor cortex send signals that control different groups of voulantary muscles.
Frontal lobe
‘higher order’ function of the frontal lobe for voluntary, controlled behavior.
- impulse control and emotional regulation.
- abstract reasoning and planning
- social cognition
- language
