anatomic divisions of the brain

Question 1

navigating neural space - the human neural axis bends because the head is perpendicular to the back

Answer 1

rostral- ‘towards the beak’
caudal- ‘‘towards the tail’
dorsal- ‘towards the back’
ventral-‘ towards the belly’

Question 2

corpus callosum

Answer 2

consists of large bundle of axons that connect two hemispheres
- green and blue represent contralateral connections.
callosotomy- procedure to cut the corpus collosum to stop severe epileptic seizures.

Question 3

anatomical subdivisions of the brain

Answer 3

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 4

telencephalon- cerebral cortex

Answer 4

telencephalon is a subdivision of the forebrain and consists of the limbic system, Basal Ganglia and cerebral cortex.

Question 5

Basal Ganglia

Answer 5

the nuclei of the basal ganglia are responsible for controlling involuntary movement, particular aspect that are highly involuntary (such as walking).

Question 6

Limbic System

Answer 6

cocept of Limbic system is to descrive an emotion circuit in the brain, hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala and basal ganglia. however, this view has shortcomings because the amygdala plays an important role in emotion but hippocampus is more learning and memory.

Question 7

thalamus (forebrain)

Answer 7

major relay station for sensory inputs to cerebral cortex. divided into several nuclei

Question 8

hypothalamus (forebrain)

Answer 8

control the autonomic nervous system and endocrine (hormone) system.
Regulates survival behaviors (fighting, feeding, fleeing mating)

Question 9

Midbrain- Mesecephalon

Answer 9

the midbrain and hindbrain are located in the brainstem. The midbrain is at topmost region of the brainstem, and sits directly above the hindbrain.
- It connects the pons and cerebellum with the forebrain. Plays an important role in motor movement, particularly movement in the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.

Question 10

Hind Brain

Answer 10

Includes the cerebellum and the Pons.

Question 11

cerebellum

Answer 11

‘little brain’ and receives information from visual, auditory, somatosensory and vestibular systems help coordination of movement.

Question 12

Pons (hindbrain)

Answer 12

It contains several nuclei important in regulating sleep and arousal, it also relays information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.

Question 13

Medulla (hindbrain)

Answer 13

links the hindbrain to the spinal cord and contains neurons important for autonomic functions like respiration and heart rate.

Question 14

Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 14

receives sensory information from the retina. Light stimulus from the external environment from both visual fields stimulate the corresponding area of the retina within each eye,.

Question 15

orientation selectivity

Answer 15

neurons show ‘orientation selectivity’

Question 16

Parietal lobe

Answer 16

Involved in attention and spatial awareness. Sits on the ‘dorsal surface’ of the cortex. Very good for spatial localization.

Question 17

temporal lobe

Answer 17

Important in auditory processing, also involved in more complex visual processing., sits on the ‘ventral’ surface and known for role in complex object recognition.

Question 18

primary audiory cortex

Answer 18

occupies the superior part of the temporal cortex, it receives auditory information from the cochlea. Receives sounds of different frequencies.

Question 19

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 19

recieves sensory information from the skin (temp, touch and pain), different regions of the skin surface represented by different areas along the strip of cortex, forming the somatopic map (hands and face overrepresented).

Question 20

primary motor cortex

Answer 20

different parts of the primary motor cortex send signals that control different groups of voulantary muscles.

Question 21

Frontal lobe

Answer 21

‘higher order’ function of the frontal lobe for voluntary, controlled behavior.
- impulse control and emotional regulation.
- abstract reasoning and planning
- social cognition
- language