Neuroscience Basal Ganglia and Movement Disorders Frank A. Middleton

Question 1

Name the four structures that make up the basal ganglia?

Answer 1

1. Striatum
2. Globus pallidus
3. Stubstantia nigra
4. Subthalamic nucleus

Question 2

Why is the basal ganglia susceptible to brain disorders?

Answer 2

High rate of metabolic activity

Question 3

The pars lateralis make up the:

Answer 3

subthalamic nucleus

Question 4

The ventral pallidum, pars compacta, and pars reticulata, make up the:

Answer 4

substantia nigra

Question 5

Pigmented neurons are found in the:

Answer 5

pars compacta (Parkinson’s)

Question 6

The medium spiny stellate neurons of the striatum, are known for the LACK of what NT?

Answer 6

ACh

Question 7

The basal ganglia can be described as a set of input structures __1__ and __2__ and output nucleus, __3__ and __4__.

Answer 7

1. Striatum
2. Subthalamic nucleus
3. GPi (Globus pallidus and internal segments)
4. Substantia nigra pars reticulata

Question 8

Input BG structures receive direct input from the:

Answer 8

cerebral cortex

Question 9

Output structures of the BG project back to the cerebral cortex via the:

Answer 9

thalamus

Question 10

The intermediate structures of the BG that modify the activity of input or output structures:

Answer 10

Substantia nigra pars compacta

Subthalamic nucleus

Question 11

What do the pars reticulata and internal globus pallidus have in common?

Answer 11

Same cellular origin, precursor cells

Question 12

What brain BG structure is like the “brake” - always on?

Answer 12

Output (palladum)

Question 13

What brain BG structures are like the sprockets

Answer 13

Input (striatum)

Thalamus

Question 14

What NT “oils” the BG thalamus and striatum?

Answer 14

Dopamine

Question 15

The pedals of the BG bike are the?

Answer 15

Cortex

Question 16

_____ cells supply dopamine

Answer 16

SNpc

Question 17

T or F: Effects of dopamine are receptor dependent.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

D1 is a direct/indirect pathway, coupled to excitatory/inhibitory G proteins?

Answer 18

DIRECT, EXCITATORY, glutaminergic, cAMP up, AC up

Question 19

D2 is a direct/indirect pathway, coupled to excitatory/inhibitory G proteins.

Answer 19

INDIRECT, INHIBITORY, GABAergic

Question 20

What functions are influenced by BG circuits?

Answer 20

All functions

Question 21

How do BG participate in both motor and non-motor activity?

Answer 21

They change their activity. Neurons in the BG are VERY active in simple movements of the limbs and in visually guided movements.

Question 22

Name a specific function of the BG:

Answer 22

Planning sequences of movements (difficult planning, visuomotor control)

Question 23

What is the Hyperdirect Path?

Answer 23

The Hyperdirect Path enables the cortex to directly innervate the subthalamic nucleus and thus bypass the input layer through the striatum.

Question 24

Activity in ______ is strongly modulated by ACh and DA release.

Answer 24

MSSNs (striosomal path)

Question 25

ACh stimulates _____ release

Answer 25

Dopamine