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Unit 4 > Neuroscience Autonomic Nervous System I and II Mary Lou Vallano > Flashcards

Neuroscience Autonomic Nervous System I and II Mary Lou Vallano Flashcards

1
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the:

A

thorocolumbar system

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2
Q

The PNS is aka:

A

Craniosacral system

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3
Q

Is survival without ANS activity possible?

A

Yes, but physiological function is severely imparied.

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4
Q

Stimulation of heart rate at the SA node:

  • -What ANS branch?
  • -What kind of effect?
A

Sympathetic

Positive chronotropic effect

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5
Q

Stimulation of AV nodal conduction:

  • -What ANS branch?
  • -What kind of effect?
A

Sympathetic

Positive dromotropic effect

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6
Q

Stimulation of myocardial contractility:

  • -What ANS branch?
  • -What kind of effect?
A

Sympathetic

Positive inotropic effect

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7
Q

Inhibition of heart rate at SA node:

  • -What ANS branch?
  • -What kind of effect?
A

Parasympathetic

Negative chronotropic effect

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8
Q

Inhibition of AV nodal conduction:

  • -What ANS branch?
  • -What kind of effect?
A

PS

Negative dromotropic effect

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9
Q

Inhibition of atrial contractility:

  • -What ANS branch?
  • -What kind of effect?
A

PS

Negative inotropic effect (mild)

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10
Q

What kind of receptor antagonists are used to treat hypertension and tachycardias?

A

B1

Propranolol

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11
Q

What is divergence?

A

The avg preganglionic axon in the SNS contacts an estimated 100 postganglionic neurons by collateral branching, enables widespread responses. Not a thing in the PNS (1:15-20)

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12
Q

En passant synapses are aka

A

varicosities, show divergence

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13
Q

Are ANS preganglionic axons myelinated?

A

No
smaller diameter than skeletal axons
slower-conducting
B-fibers

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14
Q

Are ANS postganglionis axons myelinated?

A

No
smaller diameter than skeletal axons
slower-conducting
C-fibers

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15
Q

What is the main player NT in the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine, in both ganglion and target tissue

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16
Q

What kind of receptor is the main PNS receptoron target tissue?

A

Muscarinic

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17
Q

What is the main player NT in the somatic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine, N1 receptors (nicotinic cholinergic)

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18
Q

Where are N2 receptors found?

A
  1. PNS at the 1st synapse (peripheral ganglion)

2. Peripheral ganglia of SNS

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19
Q

What kind of receptor is a muscarinic cholinergic receptor?

A

GPCR:

  1. PLC –> generation of IP3 and DAG, OR
  2. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase –> cAMP down
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20
Q

In most postganglionic SNS synapses, the NT is:

A

norepinephrine

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21
Q

When is the postganglionic SNS NT epinephrine?

A

Adrenal medulla, synapse on chromaffin cell instead of ganglion

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22
Q

T or F: The adrenal medulla secretes enough epi (and norepi) to maintain a near normal blood pressure if sympathetic innervation to the heart is interrupted.

A

True

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23
Q

What are the common ANS co-transmitters, being released with norepi and ACh?

A

ATP
Neuropeptide Y
(others)

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24
Q

What kind of innervation do sweat glands received?

A

Sympathetic cholinergic innervation (MUSCARINIC receptor, ACh NT)

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25
Q

What are the common themes of the MOA’s of a1, b1 and b2 adrenoreceptors?

A

Norepi binds to receptor
GDP –> GTP and subunit comes off
Subunit (a-q or a-s) activated other pathways leading to either Ca2+ influx, or physiological changes in the cell

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26
Q

What is the major adrenergic receptor in the heart

A

B1

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27
Q

What is the major receptor for the vasculature/arterioles?

A

A1

28
Q

How many subunits does a nicotinic receptor have?

A

5, 2 alpha, 1 beta, 1 gamma and 1 delta

29
Q

What kind of receptor is a nicotinic cholinergic receptor?

A

Ligand-gated ion channel
ligand - ACh (x2)
ions - Na+ and K+

30
Q

d-Tubocurarine is an antagonist of what receptor?

A

N1 nicotinic

31
Q

What are the N1 agonists?

A

ACh

Nicotine

32
Q

ACh and nicotine are agonists for what receptor?

A

N1 and N2

33
Q

What are the agonists for muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

A

ACh

muscarine

34
Q

What is the antagonist for muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

A

atropine

35
Q

Hexamethonium is an antagonist of what receptor?

A

N2

36
Q

Name two B1 antagonists

A

Propranolol

Metoprolol

37
Q

A1, B1 and B2 are all what kind of receptors?

A

adrenergic

38
Q

Both B1 and B2 have the same agonists. What are they?

A

Epi > NE - Epi has greater affinity for B adrenergic receptors than Norepi.

39
Q

A1 adrenergic agonists are:

A

NE > Epi - Norepi has greater affinity for B adrenergic receptors than epi.

40
Q

A1 has what kind of receptor?

A

GPCR, Ga-q (same as muscarinic)

41
Q

B1 and B2 have what kind of receptors?

A

Ga-s GPCR

42
Q

Skeletal muscle can constrict and dilate via SNS innervation. Which skeletal muscle constricts, and which receptor does it use?

A

Brionchioles, B2

43
Q

Where in the SNS can B1 receptors be found and what is their effect?

A

Heart - SA node - increase contractions

  • -AV node - increase nodal conduction
  • -increase contracility

Saliva - secretion

44
Q

Where in the SNS can B2 receptors be found?

A

Bronchioles - dilate
Bladder wall - relaxes
Smooth muscle - relaxes
Skeletal muscle - dilates

45
Q

__1__ effects are more prominent in targets where B-adrenergic receptors prodominate, such as the heart, lungs and liver, whereas __2__ effects predominate in the vasculature where alpha-adrenergic receptors are expressed.

A
  1. EPI

2. NOREPI

46
Q

What is a pheochromocytoma?

A

A tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes norepinephrine and/or epinephrin surges. Excessive cyclic hypertension

47
Q

What is enopthalmus?

A

Sunken eyeball

48
Q

The major prevertebral ganglia are:

A

Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric

49
Q

The celiac ganglion innervates:

A

the stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, spleen, kidneys

50
Q

The superior mesenteric ganglion innervates:

A

the small and large intestine

51
Q

The inferior mesenteric ganglion innervates:

A

the lower colon and rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

52
Q

The pteryopalatine and submandibular ganglia come from what nerve and serve what areas?

A
  1. CN VII
  2. Pterygopalatine serves nasal mucosa and lacrimal gland
  3. Submandibular serves salivary glands
53
Q

What are the main cranial nuclei of the vagus nerve?

A

Nucleus ambiguous

Dorsal motor nucleus

54
Q

More than 75% of the PNS is controlled by:

A

the two vagus nerves

55
Q

The myenteric plexus is aka:

A

Auerbach’s plexus

56
Q

In the myenteric plexus, PNS activation does what?

A

It is depolarizing and generates action potentials leading to contractions of the smooth muscle of the gut.

57
Q

What is ileus?

A

Strong SNS stimulation can inhibit motility so greatly that food movement is blocked.

58
Q

During bladder filling, sympathetic control predominates, causing:

A

relaxation of the detrusor muscle

contraction of the internal sphincter

59
Q

During micturition, parasympathetic control predominates, causing:

A

contraction of the detrusor muscle

relaxation of the sphincter muscle

60
Q

What receptors relax the detrusor muscle, and what receptors contract the muscle?

A

B2 - sympathetic - relaxes

A1 - sympathetic - contracts

61
Q

Transection of the brain stem just below the medulla results in a decrease in:

A

arterial blood pressure to less than half the normal value

62
Q

Transection above the mid-pontine level preserves:

A

basal control of arterial pressure, but eliminates modulation by higher structures

63
Q

What part of the brain is most responsible for influencing cardiac function?

A

Nucleus of the solitary tract

64
Q

What is vasovagal syncope?

A

Begins with disturbing thoughts in the cortex, this leads to activation of vasodilator centers in the hypothalamus, and to the heart through the vagus nerves, rapidly slowing the heart. There are also signals through the spinal cord to the SNS vasodilator nerves of the muscles (rapidly increasing flow to muscles). The resultant fall in arterial pressure reduces blood flow to the brain and causes the person to lose consciousness.

65
Q

What are examples in which visceral afferents overwhelm cortical functions (where nothing seems to matter):

A 
Hunger
Nausea
Dyspnea
Visceral pain
Bladder and bowel distention
Hypothermia/hyperthermia

Unit 4 (25 decks)

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