Neuroscience Flashcards
60 y/o right-handed M, getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left-sided hemi- neglect. Where is the lesion? (8x)
RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE
66 y/o with HTN develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups, L face numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia of limbs, staggering gait, and tendency to fall to the left. Dx? (8x)
LATERAL MEDULLARY STROKE
78 y/o pt had an ischemic stroke that left him with a residual mild hemiplegia. Pt appeared to be unaware that there was a problem of weakness on one side of this body. When asked to raise the weak arm, the patient raised his normal arm. When the failure to raise the paralyzed arm was pointed out to pt, he admitted that the arm was slightly weak. He also neglects the side of the body when dressing and grooming. Pt did not shave one side of his face, had difficulty putting a shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area of brain likely affected by stroke? (4x)
RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE
26 y.o. w/HA and R-hand clumsiness for weeks. Exam shows difficulty w/rapid alternating movements of hand, overt intention tremor on finger-to-nose, and mildly dysmetric finger tamping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where will damage show on MRI? (5x)
CEREBELLUM
Adult neurogenesis in which area of the brain? (x2)
HIPPOCAMPUS
Previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over 6 months. Most likely a pathology in: (2x)
FRONTAL LOBE
Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia: (2x)
BRAIN STEM INFARCTION
MRI scan of head reveals an infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral artery. Pt most likely exhibits: (2x)
WEAKNESS OF CONTRALATERAL FOOT AND LEG
Neurogenesis in adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain?
DENTATE GYRUS
Bipolar has decreased connectivity here
AMYGDALA AND PFC
Biogenic amine made in Locus Coeruleus
NE
CNS response to fear mediated by what structure.
CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA
Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces
AMYGDALA
CNS region containing dopaminergic neurons projecting to caudate and putamen
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Area of brain responsible for face recognition
FUSIFORM GYRUS
Area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call
DORSOLATERAL PFC
Which part of cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli
LATERAL ORBITOFRONTAL
The dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, striatum and ____ are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms
THALAMUS
The blood brain barrier is made up of what kind of cells?
ENDOTHELIAL
Orexin is made in what part of the brain?
HYPOTHALAMUS
So dopamine neurons in what system is primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive processing?
MESOCORTICAL
Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and mediates addiction and associated behaviors?
MESOLIMBIC
Development of brain grey-matter volume peaks at what stage
LATE CHILDHOOD
In a pt with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis?
BASAL GANGLIA
65 y/o pt has a stroke which causes him to fall. On exam, weakness of the right leg, with only minor weakness of the right hand, no weakness of the face, no sensory deficit. Speech is not affected, but pt seems unusually quiet and passive. The stroke most likely involves the:
LEFT ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY
Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involving all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of the following arteries?
POSTERIOR CEREBRAL
Right-side palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm and leg combined with third nerve palsy is most likely due to occlusion of a branch of which artery?
POSTERIOR CEREBRAL
Bilateral lower extremity weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?
ANTERIOR CEREBRAL
Pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk, and leg, caused by a lacunar infarct where?
LATERAL THALAMUS
Blocking R PCA (posterior cerebral artery) causes which visual disturbance?
LEFT HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPSIA
The clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral artery would result in which of the following?
HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA WITH ALEXIA WITHOUT AGRAPHIA
28 y/o cocaine user complains of LBP, numbness in both legs and feet, thighs, buttocks, abdomen, and says R leg is weak and clumsy, L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and difficulty walking. Decreased light touch, pinprick, and temperature. Normal vibration and proprioception. DTR is hard to elicit. Muscle tone is normal. Decreased strength in B/L LE but worse on right. Diagnosis?
ANTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY INFARCTION
Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of demonstrable weakness, ataxia or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of?
LEFT PARIETAL CORTEX
Normal Romberg w/ eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where is the abnormality?
CEREBELLAR VERMIS
Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI – hyperactivity in right temporal lobe. Damage is where?
CALCARINE FISSURE
Aphasia w/ effortful fragmented, non-fluent, telegraphic speech, is seen in a lesion where?
POSTERIOR FRONTAL LOBE
A pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause?
BITEMPORAL HEMIANOPSIA
Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure?
ARCUATE FASCICULUS
Unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, headaches, mild facial weakness and ipsilateral limb ataxia is most commonly associated with tumors in what locations?
CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE
20 y/o with 1-year h/o bitemporal headaches, polydipsia, polyuria, and bulimia plus 2-month h/o emotional outbursts, aggression, and transient confusion. Neuro exam normal. What will MRI of brain show?
HYPOTHALAMIC TUMOR
34 y/o M is referred for psychiatric evaluation 5 years after sustaining a head injury at work. Prior to the accident, he was a stable, happily married man. Since the accident, he has been described as overly talkative and restless. His wife divorced him because he was acting irresponsibly, which also resulted in termination from his job. Psychometric testing reveals that the man has average intelligence and no detectable memory deficits. Pt’s clinical presentation is most consistent with damage to which to the following brain areas?
FRONTAL LOBE
Pt reports headaches and peripheral visual loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal fields of both eyes are detected. An MRI scan is likely to reveal?
A MASS IN THE SELLA TURCICA
Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage where?
RETICULAR FORMATION
Acute onset of hemiballismus of LUE & LLE. MRI is most likely to show lesion located where?
SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which of the following structures:
ANTERIOR CINGULATE GYRUS
Which lesion causes bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and present with horizontal and vertical gaze?
BRAINSTEM
32 y/o pt 1-month hx of worsening headaches, episodic mood swings and occasional hallucinations with visual, tactile and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where:
TEMPORAL LOBE
What does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?
DIVERSE ROLES IN MOVEMENT, BEHAVIOR, AND LEARNING
Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comprehension, inability to repeat, w/o associated signs. Location of lesion in the brain?
SUPRAMARGINAL GYRUS OR INSULA
Lesions in mammillary bodies will produce what symptoms?
AMNESIA, CONFABULATION, LACK OF INSIGHT
62yo progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, and apathy. An autopsy is likely to show atrophy of …?
FRONTAL LOBE
Implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinson’s. Optimal location for electrodes?
SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
Deep brain stimulation in which brain structure is a useful treatment for primary generalized dystonia?
GLOBUS PALLIDUS
Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structure?
VENTRAL STRIATUM
In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain?
VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA
Neural plasticity is largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology of what?
DENDRITIC SPINES
The uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?
ANTERIOR TEMPORAL AND VENTRAL PRE- FRONTAL
REGIONS
What are the cortical columns?
FUNCTIONAL UNITS FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING
Abnormal emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons and what?
CEREBELLUM
Exposure to light effects which brain structure?
SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
When does synaptogenesis peak?
FIRST 4 YEARS OF LIFE
Why does the brain rapidly increase in size from birth to two years old?
SYNAPTOGENESIS OF NEURONS
Where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most?
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?
AMYGDALA
Huntington’s disease characterized by loss of neurons producing which NT
GABA
17y/o is evaluated for binge eating associated with a 60 lb weight gain over the past four months. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts what structure?
VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS
What is an accurate statement about the brain’s default mode network?
IS INVOLVED IN REPROCESSING PREVIOUSLY EXPERIENCED STIMULI
The most likely reason that adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking. The brain undergoes:
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
Dorsal-lateral-pre-frontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?
WORKING MEMORY
Drug abuse activates these neuro circuits, generating signals in the ventral tegmental area to where?
DOPAMINE INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
Ninety-five percent of right-handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language. What percentage of left handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language?
75%
Neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?
AMYGDALA-HYPOTHALAMUS- PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY
Area of frontal cortex activated in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test during shifting of cognitive sets?
DORSOLATERAL
After middle age, what region of the brain has decreasing sleep spindle density?
FRONTAL AND OCCIPITAL LOBES
What neurodevelopmental process predominately occurs during adolescence and young adulthood?
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
Wear in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?
SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
What sensation is transmitted through the spinothalamic tract?
PAIN
Ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic:
WORKING MEMORY
Neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen, and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function?
AFFECTIVE PROCESSING
What type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?
SCHWANN
Region of the brain most closely associated with cortical processing of faces
LEFT PARIETAL
This hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue and brainstem
ARCUATE NUCLEUS
Region of brain connected with the anterior medial frontal cortex during recognition of affective behavior by mirror neuron system.
INSULA
Corticotropin-releasing hormone is release from which brain region during stress?
PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS
Which cell types secretes innate pro-infammatory cytokines TNF - alpha and Il -1 B in pts with inflammatory conditions that affect the brain? (X2)
MICROGLIA
Hormone released from adipose tissues, enters the brain and provides negative feedback / reduces food intake, regulates fat stores?
LEPTIN
Process of calcium mediated long-lasting increase in AMPA receptor signal transmission
LONG-TERM POTENTIATION
What does the hypothalamus secrete when you are stressed?
CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE CRH
The rapid learning demonstrated by children during the school-age years is paralleled neurodevelopmentally by which of the following brain processes?
INCREASE IN WHITE MATTER
The cortical synaptic remodeling characteristic of normal adolescence is also believed to be associated with what neurobiological change?
PREFERENTIAL LOSS OF EXCITATORY SYNAPSES
The most important feature of post natal brain development is an increase in what?
NUMBER OF DENDRITIC AND AXONAL PROCESSES
What occurs when the central nervous system responds to an acute cortical insult?
MICROGLIA PROCESSES RETRACT, AND THE CELL BODY ENLARGES
Hormone release during sleep which doesn’t have a circadian rhythm pattern:
GROWTH HORMONE
Neuronal plasticity for learning and memory is best accounted for by:
SYNAPTIC CONNECTIVITY
Positive effect of neuroinflammatory response: activation of microglia in response to repeated social defect, microglial priming and hyper-reactivity following a CNS injury, chronic microglial activation following TBI, microglial propagation of cytokines with associated decreased physical activity in response to a peripheral infection, increased cytokine inflammatory genes and decreased anti-inflammatory genes associated with increasing age.
MICROGLIAL PROPAGATION OF CYTOKINES WITH ASSOCIATED DECREASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO A PERIPHERAL INFECTION
Potent neuroprotective factor preventing neuronal cell death (apoptosis)
PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POYPEPTIDE
What type of receptor is a glucocorticoid receptor?
NUCLEAR
How estrogen modulates effects on neuroinflammation
DECREASED INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES
What do you call a modulator that enhances receptor function when an agonist is present but does not directly activate the receptor?
POSITIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATOR
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor associate with reward properties of nicotine
ɑ4β2
DA release in what structure represents common final event assoc w reinforcing effects of opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, PCP, and alcohol? (4x)
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
Role of glycine at NMDA receptor (x2)
OBLIGATE COAGONIST
Which neurotransmitter system is the last to mature in the CNS of children and adolescents? (2x)
CHOLINERGIC
A compound that increases muscle mass by increasing episodic secretion of GH (2x):
GAMMA HYDROXYLBUTYRATE
Highest concentration of 5HT producing cells in brain?
RAPHE NUCLEI
DA and what else regulates reward circuitry
GABA
Neuroimaging technology most useful in studying connectivity pathways:
SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION CT SCAN
What area of the body has the most serotonin?
GI TRACT
What neurotransmitter has been associated with anxiety?
NOREPINEPHRINE
Positive allosteric modulators of neurotransmitter-gated, multimeric ion channels do what?
INCREASE PROBABILITY OF OPENING IN PRESENCE OF A LIGAND
Where are the major clusters of cell bodies containing serotonin in brain?
RAPHE NUCLEUS IN THE BRAIN STEM
Principal mechanism of termination of synaptic activity of dopamine in prefrontal cortex?
DIFFUSION
Opiates inhibit Camp dependent protein phosphorylation in:
LOCUS CERULEUS
Neurotransmitter maintains consistent levels with age:
SEROTONIN
Which neurotransmitters are reduced in quantity, uptake and turnover is spasticity?
GLYCINE & GABA
The cognitive enhancement associated with experimental D-cycloserine treatment in pt’s with schizophrenia has been attributed to enhancement of NMDA receptor activity by which of the following neurotransmitters?
GLYCINE
In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of brain?
VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA
Which neurotransmitter is predominantly inhibitory?
GLYCINE
Neurotransmitter assoc w/ reward & reinforcement in nicotine dependence
DOPAMINE
Prostaglandin D2 increases extracellular levels of…
ADENOSINE
Which is a retrograde neurotransmitter?
ENDOCANNABINOIDS
Characteristics of Ach receptors in cerebral cortex
BOTH INHIBITORY AND EXCITATORY
Neurohormone for social bonding
OXYTOCIN
Neurotransmitter from responsible for rewarding nature of drug abuse
DOPAMINE
Low CSF levels of this neurotransmitter metabolites is associated with suicidality?
5-HYDROXYINDOLE ACETIC ACID (5-HIAA)
What is the 5HT3 receptor classification?
LIGAND GATED
Pain by neurogenic inflammation mediated by?
SUBSTANCE P
Decreased level of what NT is most associated with depressed mood, poor sleep, and poor impulse control
SEROTONIN
Psych stress increases cortisol and prolonged cortisol is associated with bad outcomes. Stress also affects other hormones. Increase in which hormone is correlated with decreased PTSD severity most likely due to hormone’s anti-glucocorticoid properties:
DHEA
Activation of this receptor is likely responsible for anti-anxiety, motor-impairment, and sedative hypnotic effects of alcohol
GABA-A
Neurotransmitter regulating sleep and wakefulness?
HISTAMINE
What neurotransmitter is thought to play a key role in fine-tuning working memory function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
DOPAMINE
Which of the following levels would be affected what changes in tyrosine hydroxylase levels: Dopaminergic, Gutaminergic, GABAminergic, Serotonergic, Histaminergic,
DOPAMINERGIC
Blockade of which receptor causes sedation and weight gain side effects for antipsychotics and antidepressants?
HISTAMINE
What neurotransmitter present in the periaqueductal gray matter is involved in the mediation of pain?
ENDORPHINS
Which neurotransmitter, IF dysfunctional, most replicates core symptoms of schizophrenia?
GLUTAMATE
