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Science of Free Will > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

number of neurons

A

100 billion

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2
Q

number of synapses

A

100-500 trillion

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3
Q

quanta

A

release of NT packets

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4
Q

neuronal noise

A

influence of trans membrane voltage of single neuron by other factors; random

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5
Q

4 limitations of Libet experiment

A

delayed reporting; ahead decision present is a memory; free ‘won’t’ (Mele)

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6
Q

3 sources of synaptic randomness

A

noise, quanta release, binding, AP arrival

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7
Q

the more negative membrane potential, the more…

A

hyperpolarized/inhibited

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8
Q

AP threshold

A

-50 mV

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9
Q

resting potential

A

-70 mV

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10
Q

statistical determinism

A

randomness but not predictable

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11
Q

mirror neurons

A

fire when animal acts and observes same action performed by another; motor & touch neurons; in frontal lobes

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12
Q

parts of brain that create empathy, emotion, and pro-social capacities (Panksepp)

A

limbic system, diencephalon, brain stem

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13
Q

parts of limbic system (11)

A

cingulate gyrus, hippocampal formation, hypothalamus, septal nucleus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, thalamic nuclei, basal forebrain, olfactory system, subcallosal region, connecting tracts between these

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14
Q

Hebbian synapses

A

hypothesis (proven) that repeated simtulation of post-synaptic cells (LTP) explains brain adaptation in learning

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15
Q

brain maps

A

neurosci techniques used to see spatial areas of brain; study of anatomy and function of brain/spinal cord through imaging techniques

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16
Q

brain modules

A

domain/spatially based and location specific areas of brain function (bad concept)

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17
Q

seeking/expectancy system

A

Panksepp’s; deep source of selfiness; DA reward pathways essential role (mesolimbic pathway, mesocortical pathway, mesostriatial)

18
Q

prototype

A

associative learning and self-organization in network of neurons interconnected by Hebbian synapses where DA directs the flow of change

19
Q

septum pellucidum

A

thin sheet of nervous tissue connecting fornix to corpus callosum

20
Q

mamillary body

A

tiny nucleus acts as relay station, transmitting info to and from fornix and thalamus

21
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

connection of these structures with the limbic system helps explain why the sense of smell evokes long-forgotten memories and emotions

22
Q

amygdala

A

structure that influences behavior and activities so that they are appropriate for meeting the body’s internal needs. includes feeding, sexual interest, and emotional reactions like anger

23
Q

parahippocampal gyrus

A

helps modify expressions of emotionsl ike rage and fright

24
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

with parahippocampal gyrus and olfactory bulbs comprises limbic cortex, which mods behavior and emotions

25
Q

fornix

A

pathway of nerve fibers that transmits info from hippocampus and other limbic areas to the mamillary body

26
Q

midbrain

A

limbic areas influence physical activity via basal ganglia, large clusters of nerve cell bodies below cortex; limbic midbrain areas also connect to he cortext and thalamus

27
Q

hippocampus

A

curved band of gray matter involved with learning and memory, recognition of novelty, and recollection of spatial relationships

28
Q

supraoptic nucleus

A

secretes oxytocin

29
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

secretes ADH

30
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland; secretes hormones that affect other glands (endocrine glands)

31
Q

sella turcica

A

depression in sphenoid bone, containing pituitary gland

32
Q

hypothalamus

A

links nervous sys to endocrine sys via pituitary gland; involved in attachment and basic bodily functions

33
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

surrounds frontal part of corpus callosum; regulates blood pressure and heart rate; involved in reward, decision making, and emotion (lights up with the right insular cortex when feel emotion and physical sensation)

34
Q

right insular cortex

A

active when we feel strong physical sensation and strong emotion; feeling of mind and body unite with anterior cingulate cortex also lights up

35
Q

dorsolateral PFC

A

have information consciously in mind; working memory; active when delib and make conscious choices

36
Q

ventromedial PFC

A

links emotion and cognition; important for moral decisions; conected to amygdala

37
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

both halves of brain have one; div into core and shell; key center of reinforcement through dopamine

38
Q

brain circuits that mix emotion and cognition (4)

A

right insular cortex, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex

39
Q

medial forebrain bundle

A

tract with fibers from olfactory, periamygdaloid, septal, & VTA; part of reward system, connecting tract

40
Q

meso-cortical pathway

A

connects VTA to anterior cingulate/gyri/PFC

41
Q

mesostriatal pathway

A

VTA to nucleus accumbens

42
Q

nigrostriatal pathway

A

substantia nigra to striatum

Science of Free Will (7 decks)

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