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GRE Psychology > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Ablation

A

surgically induced brain lesion

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2
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

the period that follows the onset of an action potential. During this period, a nerve impulse cannot be intiated

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3
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory impulse

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4
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter found in both central and peripheral nervous systems linked to Alzheimer’s disease and used to transmit nerve impulses to the muscles

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5
Q

Adrenaline

A

a hormone that increases energy available for “fight or flight” reactions

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6
Q

All or nothing law

A

a law about nerve impulses stating that when depolarization reaches the critical threshold (-50 milivolts) the neuron is going to fire, each time, every time

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7
Q

Aphasias

A

Language disorders, which are associated with Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in the brain

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8
Q

Apraxia

A

an impairment in the organization of voluntary action

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9
Q

Behavioral Stimulants

A

a class of drugs that increase behavioral activity by increasing motor activity or by counteracting fatigue, and which are thought to stimulate receptors for dopamine, norephinephrine, and serotonin

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10
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

impairments in producing spoken language associated with lesions to Broca’s area

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11
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

an antipsychotic drug thought to block receptor sites for dopamine, making it effective in treating the delusional thinking, hallucinations and agitation, commonly associated with sz

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12
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

internally generated rhythms that regulate our daily cycle of waking and sleeping, approximating a 24-hour cycle

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13
Q

Depolarization

A

the second stage in the firing cycle; occurs when the membrane’s electrical charge decreases–anytime the membrane’s voltage charge moves toward a neutral charge of 0 millivolts

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14
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

a biochemical explanation for sz suggesting that the delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated sz arise from an excess of dopamine activity at certain sites in the brain

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15
Q

Electronecephalograph (EEG)

A

it records a gross average of the electrical activity in different parts of the brain

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16
Q

Endorphins

A

peptides that are natural painkillers produced in the brain

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17
Q

Extirpation

A

a process of removing various parts of the brain and then observing the behavioral consequences

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18
Q

“Fight or flight” response

A

the emotional experience associated with the sympathetic nervous system and managed by the hypothalamus during the high arousal

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19
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

A

a hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the growth of an ovarian follicle, which is a small protective sphere surrounding the egg or ovum

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20
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

a neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain

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21
Q

Gate Theory of Pain

A

a theory that proposes that there is a special “gating” mechanism in the spine that can turn pain signals on and off, thus affecting whether we can perceive pain

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22
Q

Genes

A

located on the chromosomes, they are the basic units of hereditary transmission

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23
Q

Gonadoptropic Hormone

A

hormones produced by the pituitary gland during puberty that activate a dramatic increase in the production of hormones by the testes or ovaries

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24
Q

Haloperidol (Haldol)

A

an antipsychotic drug thought to block receptor sites for dopamine, making it effective in treating the delusional thinking, hallucinations, and agitation commonly associated with sz

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25
Q

Homeostasis

A

a term referring to those self-regulatory processes that maintain a stable equilibrium

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26
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

an increase in the membrane potential that decreases the possibility of generating a nerve impulse

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27
Q

Innate releasing mechanism (IRM)

A

a mechanism in the animal’s nervous system that serves to correct the stimulus with the right response

28
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons located in the spinal cord that connect sensory neurons with motor neurons to form the reflex arc

29
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

in visual perception, it is the process of inhibiting the response of adjacent retinal cells resulting in the sharpening and highlighting of the borders between dark and light areas

30
Q

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

A

proposed by Johannes Muller, this law states that each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy (e.g. light or air vibrations), and that the brain interprets any stimulation of that nerve as being that kind of energy

31
Q

L-Dopa

A

a synthetic substance that increases dopamine levels in the brain and is used to treat motor disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease. When L-Dopa leads to an oversupply of dopamine in the brain, it can produce psychotic symptoms in Parkinson’s patients

32
Q

Lithium

A

a drug used to treat bipolar disorder

33
Q

Lutenizing hormone

A

a hormone associated with ovulation

34
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

behavioral stimulants that reduce depression by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called MAO (monoamine oxidase), which normally breaks down and deactivates norepinephrine

35
Q

Methylphenidate

A

a behavioral stimulant that increases alertness and decreases motor activity, and is used to treat hyperactive children who suffer from attention deficit disorder (also known as Ritalin)

36
Q

Monoamine Theory of Depression

A

a theory that holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania, while too little leads to depression. It is also sometimes called the catecholamine theory of depression

37
Q

Motor Neurons

A

neurons transmitting motor commands from the brain to the muscles along efferent fibers

38
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that allow neurons to communicate with one another

39
Q

Norepinephrine

A

also known as noradrenaline, it is involved in controlling wakefulness and alertness and is implicated in mood disorders such as depression and mania

40
Q

Opiate Receptors

A

receptors that response to the body’s own naturally produced painkillers (endorphins) as well as narcotics such as heroin and morphine

41
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

receptors in the hypothalamus that control the maintenance of water balance in the body

42
Q

Phenothiazine

A

antipsychotic drugs thought to block receptors sites for dopamine, making the drug effective in treating delusional thinking, hallucinations and agitation commonly associated with sz

43
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a degenerative disease of the nervous system occurring when a child lacks the enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine, an amino acid found in milk and other foods

44
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

the science of how drugs affect behavior

45
Q

Reception

A

the first step in all sensory information processing; each sensory system has receptors to react to the physical external energy

46
Q

Refractory Period

A

the period following the firing of a neuron just before the neuron is able to fire again

47
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

the period following the absolute refractory period. During this time, the neuron will fire in response to a STRONG stimulus

48
Q

Resting Potential

A

a slight electrical charge (-70 mV) stored inside a neuron’s cell membrane–a charge just waiting to be transformed into a nerve impulse

49
Q

Rhodopsin

A

the only photopigment in the rods, it is made up of vitamin A derivative, called reinene, and a protein called opsin

50
Q

Rods

A

located in the periphery of the retina, these are sensory receptors for vision that work best in reduced illumination, and only allow perception of achromatic colors, have low sensitivity to detail, and are not involved in color vision

51
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

physical sex characteristics that do not appear until puberty–for females, enlarged breasts and widened hips; for males, facial hair and deeper voices

52
Q

Sedative hypnotic drug

A

a class of drugs that slow down the functioning of the central nervous system by facilitating the action of GABA

53
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

A

behavioral stimulants that reduce depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and increasing serotonin in the synapse

54
Q

Sensory neurons

A

neurons that transmit sensory information to the spinal cord and then to the brain through afferent fibers

55
Q

Serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter loosely classified as a monoamine or biogenic-amine transmitter generally thought to play roles in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and arousal–an oversupply of serotonin is thought to produce manic states; an undersupply is thought to produce depression

56
Q

Single Cell Recording

A

a method of study in sensory perception that records the response cells by placing a microelectrode in the cortex

57
Q

Synapse

A

the tiny gap between neurons

58
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

resting tremors and jerky motor movements caused by disruptions of dopamine transmission

59
Q

Thorazine

A

An antipsychotic drug thought to block receptor sites for dopamine, making it effective in treating the delusional thinking, hallucinations, and agitation commonly associated with sz

60
Q

Transduction

A

the second step in sensory information processing where physical energy is translated into neural impulses or action potentials

61
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

behavioral stimulants thought to reduce depression by facilitating the transmission of norepinephrine or serotonin at the synapse

62
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

the sense of balance of our bodily position relative to gravity

63
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

an impairment in visual recognition whereby the person can see an object, but is unable to recognize what it is

64
Q

Weber’s Law

A

a law stating that the change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a just noticeable difference, divided by the stimulus intensity of the standard stimulus, it is a constant

65
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

impairment in understanding a spoken language associated with damage to Wernicke’s area

66
Q

Young-Helmhotz Theory (trichromatic theory)

A

a theory of color vision that suggests that the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors (cones), which are differentially sensitive to different red, blue or green, and all colors are produced by combined stimulation of these receptors

GRE Psychology (4 decks)

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