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GRE Psychology > Cognitive Science > Flashcards

Cognitive Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Accommodation

A

a principle of piaget’s theory of cognitive development. it occurs when cognitive structures are modified because new info or new experiences do not fit into existing cognitive structures

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2
Q

Afterimage

A

a visual sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a simulus

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3
Q

Agnosia

A

impairments in perceptual recognition

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4
Q

Analogy of inoculation

A

mcguire’s analogy that people can be psychologically inoculated against the “attack” of persuasive communications by first exposing them to a weakened attack

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5
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

memory loss for new info following brain injury

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6
Q

Apparent motion

A

an illusion that occurs when two dots flashed in different locations on a screen seconds apart are perceived as one moving dot

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7
Q

assimilation

A

a principle of piaget’s theory of cognitive development. it is the process of understanding new info in relation to prior knowledge, or existing schemata

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8
Q

Atkinson-Shiffin Model

A

a model of memory that involves three memory structures (sensory, short-term, long-term) and the processes that operate these memory structures

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9
Q

Autokinetic effect

A

an illusion that occurs when a spot of light appears to move erractically in a dark room, simply because there is no frame of reference

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10
Q

availability heuristic

A

a decision-making shortcut that people tend to use when trying to decide how likely something is based on how easily similar instances can be imagined

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11
Q

Binocular disparity (stereopsis)

A

a cue for depth perception that depends on the fact that the distance between the eyes provides two slightly disparate views of the world that, when combined, give us a perception of depth

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12
Q

Boomerang Effect

A

in theories of attitude persuasion, it is an attitude change in the opposite direction of the persuader’s message

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13
Q

Bottom-up processing (data-driven processing)

A

info processing that occurs when objects are recognized by the summation of the components of incoming stimulus to arrive at the whole pattern

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14
Q

Brightness contrast

A

in brightness perception, it refers to when a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus than when surrounded by a lighter stimulus

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15
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

also known as respondent conditioning, it is a result of learning connections between diff events

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16
Q

Clustering

A

a technique to enhance memory by organizing items into conceptually related categories

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17
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

leon festinger’s consistency theory that people are motivated to reduce dissonant elements or add consonant elements to reduce tension

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18
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of a physical space

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19
Q

Color constancy

A

refers to the fact that the perceived color of an object does not change when we change the wavelength of the light we see

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20
Q

conditioned response

A

in classical conditioning, it is the learned response to a conditioned stimulus

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21
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, it is a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

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22
Q

connectionism

A

also called parallel distribution processing, it is a theory of info processing that is analogous to a complex neural network

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23
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

proposed by raymond cattell, it is a type of intell that uses knowledge acquired as a result of schooling or other life experiences

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24
Q

decay theory

A

a theory that holds that if the info in long-term memory is not used or rehearsed, it will eventually be forgotten

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25
Q

declarative memory

A

sometimes called fact memory, it is memory for explicit info

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26
Q

dissonance theory

A

the tendency to change thoughts or behavior in response to perceived inconsistencies

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27
Q

echoic memory

A

auditory memory

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28
Q

eidetic memory

A

memory for images

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29
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

the process of organizing info and associating it with what you already know to get info into long-term memory

30
Q

Emmert’s law

A

a law describing the relationship between size constancy and apparent distance–the farther away the object appears to be, the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception of the object

31
Q

episodic memory

A

a type of declarative memory, episodic memory refers to memories for particular events, or episodes, from personal experience

32
Q

extinction

A

in operant conditioning, it is when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly not reinforced and as a result, the conditioned response is no longer produced as consistently

33
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

behavior that is motivated by some external reward

34
Q

fixed action pattern

A

a behavior that is relatively stereotyped and appears to be species-specific

35
Q

fluid intelligence

A

proposed by raymond cattell, it is a type of intelligence that has the ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situations and make correct deductions from them

36
Q

Generation-recognition model

A

model that proposes that recall tasks tap the same basic process of accessing information in memory as recognition tasks, but also require an additional processing step

37
Q

ground

A

a concept in visual perception that refers to the background against which the figures appear

38
Q

iconic memory

A

visual memory

39
Q

induced motion

A

an illusion of movement occurring when everything around the spot of light is moved

40
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation by some reward that is inherent to the task

41
Q

isomorphism

A

a theory that suggests there is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain

42
Q

language acquisition device (LAD)

A

proposed by noam chomsky, this is innate, biologically based mechanism that helps us understand rule structures in language

43
Q

law of closure

A

from gestalt psychology, it is the tendency for people to perceive complete figures even when the actual figures are not complete

44
Q

law of effect

A

proposed by E.L. Thorndike, the law holds that if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future

45
Q

law of good continuation

A

from gestalt continuation psychology, it is the tendency for elements appearing to follow in the same direction (such as a straight line or a simple curve) to be grouped together

46
Q

law of proximity

A

from gestalt psychology, it is the tendency for similar objects to be grouped together

47
Q

levels of processing theory (depth of processing theory)

A

proposed by craik and lockart, the theory suggests that there is only one memory system, and that items entering the memory are analyzed in one of three stages: physical (visual), acoustical (sound), or semantic (meaning)

48
Q

lightness constancy

A

refers to the fact that, despite changes in the amount of light falling on an object (illumination), the apparent lightness of the object remains unchanged

49
Q

linear perspective

A

a cue for depth perception that refers to the perception of parallel lines converging in the distance

50
Q

long-term memory

A

the memory system that holds a permanent sore of information

51
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

the process of rehearsing info so that items remain in short-term memory for a longer duration than usual

52
Q

metacognition

A

the ability to think about and monitor cognition

53
Q

metamemory

A

the ability to think about and monitor memory

54
Q

motion parallax

A

a cue for depth perception that occurs during movement when objects that are closer appear to move

55
Q

negative reinforcement

A

the probability that the desired response will be performed is increased by removing something undesirable whenever the desired response is made

56
Q

operant conditioning

A

instrumental conditioning, reward learning, is based on learning the relationship between one’s actions and their consequences

57
Q

opponent process theory of color vision

A

ewald hering’s theory that there are four primary colors in additive color mixing (red, blue, green and yellow) and that the primary colors are arranged in opposing pairs

58
Q

paivio’s dual code hypothesis

A

according to this theory, info can be stored or encoded in two ways: visually and verbally. abstract info tends to be encoded verbally, whereas concrete info tends to be encoded visually and verbally

59
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing the probability that a desired response will be performed by reinforcing that response when it does occur

60
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for how things are done

61
Q

relative size

A

a cue for depth perception that occurs when as an object gets farther away and its image on the retina gets smaller. people can tell how far away something is relative to another object by comparing the size of the images on the retina with what is known about actual sizes

62
Q

semantic memory

A

a type of declarative memory, semantic memory has to do with remembering general knowledge, especially the meanings of words and concepts

63
Q

sensory memory

A

part of the stage theory of memory that contains the fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli

64
Q

short-term memory

A

a memory system that has a limited capacity and a relatively short duration

65
Q

size constancy

A

when an object appears to retain its size despite the fact that its image on the retina has changed its size

66
Q

theory of multiple intelligences

A

howard gardner’s theory that there are seven intelligence factors: linguistic ability, logical-mathematical, spatial ability, musical ability, bodily ability, interpersonal ability, interpersonal ability

67
Q

top-down processing

A

from object recognition theory, it refers to when people recognize objects by using conceptual processes such as memories and expectations about the whole object

68
Q

triarchic theory

A

robert sternberg’s theory of intelligence that suggests that there are three aspects to intelligence: componential (performance on tests), experiential (creativity), and contextual (street smarts)

69
Q

unconditioned response

A

in classical conditioning, it is a response that occurs w/o any behavioral conditioning–reflex

70
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, it is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response, without any behavioral conditioning

GRE Psychology (4 decks)

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