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PSYCH: Exam 1 > Neuropsychology > Flashcards

Neuropsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

reflex

A

an automatic movement produced as the direct result of stimulus

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2
Q

First step in reflex pathway?

A

Information received from receptors in skin/muscle

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3
Q

Second step in reflex pathway?

A

Information transmitted through afferent (sensory) neurons

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4
Q

Third step in reflex pathway?

A

Information received by interneuron in spinal cord and sent to brain and other interconnected body parts

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5
Q

Fourth step in reflex pathway?

A

Information transmitted to efferent (motor) neurons

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6
Q

Fifth step in reflex pathway?

A

Muscle contraction resulting in reflexive motor output

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7
Q

Approximately how many neurons does an individual have?

A

86 billion

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8
Q

Approximately how many connections does each neuron have?

A

10,000

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9
Q

dendrites

A

“input” branched part of neuron that receives impulses and conducts them toward cell body

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10
Q

cell body (AKA “soma”)

A

part of neuron containing nucleus and metabolic functions

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11
Q

axon

A

“output” part of neuron that transmits impulses to glands, muscles, or other neuron

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12
Q

terminals

A

buttons along the endings of the axon like water balloons filled with neurotransmitters

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13
Q

myelin sheath

A

segments of myelin that wrap around axon to provide insultation

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14
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheath that speed up nerve impulses along myelinated axons

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15
Q

nerve impulse (AKA action potential)

A

the means through which individual neurons communicate with each other

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16
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease where the immune system treats myelin sheath as “foreign body” and attacks it

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17
Q

MS results in…

A

demyelination of neurons which prevents action potentials from occurring properly; signal do not reach muscles (loss of movement ability)

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18
Q

First step in a nerve impulse?

A

Stimulus occurs; Some Na+ ions flow in neuron

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19
Q

resting potential

A

-70 mV; Cl- ions inside of neuron while Na+ ions outside

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20
Q

Second step of nerve impulse?

A

If threshold (-55 mV) is reached, full depolarization occurs by allowing Na+ ions to flow into the neuron through a channel

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21
Q

Third step of nerve impulse?

A

K+ ions flow out of neuron and hyperpolarize it

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22
Q

Fourth step of nerve impulse?

A

Cell is hyperpolarized to -90 mV

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23
Q

Fifth step of nerve impulse?

A

Na+ and K+ are moved back to their natural state (via Na+/K+ pump) so that cell is back at resting potential

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24
Q

-55 mV is a…

A

threshold in which below that voltage there is no action potential.

25
Q

Firing is…

A

“all-or-nothing.” The -55 mV must be met for a neuron to fire.

26
Q

More intense stimulation causes…

A

more frequent actional potential and more action potential in more neurons; not more intense action potential.

27
Q

Action potential travels…

A

down length of axon by depolarizing neighboring areas.

28
Q

Action potential travels at…

A

50-100 m/sec; not at speed of electrical current in wire.

29
Q

For action potential to occur, the inside of the cell must…

A

depolarize (become more positive).

30
Q

synapse

A

gap between two neurons consisting of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons’ membranes and space between them

31
Q

Sherrington inferred…

A

that there must be a break in communication system of neurons (synapse); proved through temporal and spatial summation

32
Q

temporal summation

A

stimulus is repeated at same place within a small period of time

33
Q

Terminal endings of presynaptic neurons…

A

replay impulse to dendrites of postsynaptic neuron.

34
Q

Terminal buttons contain…

A

vesicles of neurotransmitters that burst into synapse at action potential.

35
Q

Receptor molecules on membrane of dendrite…

A

are locks to be opened by neurotransmitters. They open the ion gates to allow Na+ into the cell.

36
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that send signals across synapses

37
Q

Neurotransmitters may open a gate to…

A

let Na+ inside because potential is getting smaller (toward -55 mV) or push K+ ions out because potential is getting larger (toward -70 mV).

38
Q

excitatory

A

more likely to fire

39
Q

An excitatory connection means…

A

the neurotransmitter make the postsynaptic cell more likely to fire by activating receptor molecules that allow more Na+ ions inside.

40
Q

inhibitory

A

less likely to fire

41
Q

Inhibition and excitation are…

A

opposite forces.

42
Q

Inhibition is a…

A

negative force.

43
Q

Excitation is a…

A

positive force.

44
Q

An excitatory connection means…

A

the neurotransmitter make the postsynaptic cell more likely to fire by activating receptor molecules that allow more Na+ ions inside.

45
Q

MS results in…

A

demyelination of neurons which prevents action potentials from occurring properly; signal do not reach muscles (loss of movement ability)

46
Q

MS results in…

A

demyelination of neurons which prevents action potentials from occurring properly; signal do not reach muscles (loss of movement ability)

47
Q

For action potential to occur, the inside of the cell must…

A

depolarize (become more positive).

48
Q

For action potential to occur, the inside of the cell must…

A

depolarize (become more positive).

49
Q

Neurotransmitters are released…

A

from vesicles in terminals that fuses with membrane, allowing neurotransmitters to flow out.

50
Q

Receptors on dendrites of postsynaptic neurons…

A

receive neurotransmitters that trigger the opening of sodium channels.

51
Q

serotonin

A

associated with long-term happiness, calmness, overall wellbeing

52
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)…

A

prevent the reuptake of neurotransmitters, meaning more will bind to the postsynaptic receptors.

53
Q

dopamine

A

associated with short-term happiness, euphoria, pleasure, etc

54
Q

inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSPs)

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to cell membrane and prevents another action potential from occurring

55
Q

IPSPs…

A

pump K+ ions out of cell and Cl- into cell to hyperpolarize it and prevent action potential; serotonin in inhibitory

56
Q

excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSPs)

A

excitatory neurotransmitter binds to cell membrane and encourages another action potential to occur

57
Q

EPSPs…

A

pump Na+ ions into cell to depolarize it and facilitate action potential; dopamine is excitatory

58
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

when one muscle is excited and contracts, its counterpart muscle is inhibited

59
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

when one muscle is excited and contracts, its counterpart muscle is inhibited

PSYCH: Exam 1 (6 decks)

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