neuropsych

Question 1

what did chomsky say about cognitive science

Answer 1

Language development cannot be explained in purely behavioural learning terms

Question 2

what is the double dissociation logic in cognitive neuropsych

Answer 2

o 2 patients
 Patient 1: Lesion to area A: Function X impaired but function Y spared
 Patient 2: Lesion to area B: Function Y impaired but function X spared

Question 3

machines used in cognitive neuroscience

Answer 3

o	functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
o	Electroencephalography (EEG)
o	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
o	Improved lesion mapping methods (sMRI)
o	Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 4

what is agnosias

Answer 4

selective deficits in object recognition after brain damage

Question 5

what happens in a strok

Answer 5

• thrombus lodges in the cerebral artery causing a stroke

- thromus in the carotid artery breaks off and travels to the cerebral artery in the brain

Question 6

What is a univariate fmri

Answer 6

o More accurately “mass univariate”
o Brain divided into cubes or “voxels”
o ‘Activation’ in each voxel is a dependent variable
o Each voxel analysed independently of others
o End up with a brain map showing which voxels are ‘activated’

Question 7

what is a multivariate fmri

Answer 7

o Brain again divided into voxels
o However, this time voxels are not treated independently
o Here, we examine patterns of activation across groups of voxels
o Hence, sometimes referred to as multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)
– Computer algorithm (pattern classifier) trained to learn the patterns of neural activation associated with different conditions
– Then given a new data set and asked to predict which condition the subject is currently experiencing based on their neural activation patterns
– Above chance classification suggests the brain region in question encodes information about the conditions

Question 8

two ways in which EEG is commonly used?

Answer 8

• event related potentials

- examination of oscillation

Question 9

what is Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer 9

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

• Records magnetic activity from scalp
• Advantages: High temporal precision (ms)
• Disadvantages: Low spatial resolution (although better than EEG)

Question 10

what is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Answer 10

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
• Magnetic field generator placed on surface of head
• This produces electrical currents in the brain region under the coil via electromagnetic induction
• The idea is to produce a ‘virtual lesion’ in the brain
• By delivering a ‘pulse’ time-locked to a specific part of a task that the subject performs, possible to investigate the effects of localised neuronal disruption on specific cognitive processes