computational models of reading and acquired dyslexia Flashcards
definition of reading
From a cognitive point of view, reading is information-processing: transforming print to speech, and/or at the same time, print to meaning
two routes of reading
lexical and nonlexical
what is the lexical route?
involves looking up words in long-term memory, so as to retrieve knowledge about their meaning and pronunciation
what is the nonlexical route
involves making use of rules relating segments of orthography (how it is written) to segments of phonology (how it sounds like)
which route allows direct retrieval of pronounciation
lexical
what words does the lexical route not work for?
novel words
what does the nonlexical route rely on
a set of grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence (GPC) rules to derive pronunciation in an indirect fashion, e.g. RIGHT = R-IGH-T = /r-aI-t/
Who created the Dual-route cascaded model?
Coltheart et al 1993,2001
what is the lexical route in the DC model?
print, visual feature units, orthographic input lexicon, phonological output lexicon, phoneme system, speech
what is the nonlexical route in the DC model?
print, vidual feature unit, letter units, grapheme phoneme rule system, phoneme system, speech
Explain how words read faster than nonwords
a. This is because words benefit from having both the lexical and the non-lexical route supporting their reading aloud; nonwords, in contrast, can only be sounded out (unless they are highly similar to real words)
How do high frequency words read faster than low frequency
a. This is because, by definition, reading has been practised more often for high frequency words (which occur more often in the language) than for low frequency words (which can be very faint in memory). That means that for high-frequency word, both word recognition (lexical route) and transcoding from print-to-sound (non-lexical route) are faster and more accurate
why do regular words read faster and more accurately than irregular words in particular for low-frequency words
a. This is because irregular words are exceptions, which can only be accurately read based on whole-word knowledge (i.e., from long-term memory). Whereas for irregular words, the lexical and non-lexical routes will arrive to different, conflicting responses (requiring time to be resolved), for regular words, the two routes will concur in their respective response. For low frequency irregular words, the correct response is represented only faintly in the mental lexicon, and nowhere else; for regular words, in contrast, the nonlexical route will produce the correct response in any case.
b. Irregular words must be stored to be pronounced correctly
c. Cannot rely on lexicon, need to information to read the exception. Therefore, regularity/irregularity contrast is most visible when dealing with low-frequency words
why is the larger the orthographic neighbourhood of a nonword, the faster it is read aloud?
a. The orthographic neighbourhood refers to the pool of existing words that are similar to the target string. If a nonword is similar to many existing words, these, given their partial compatibility will contribute to activating the sound they share with the target string in the phonological buffer (or phoneme system).
- Nonwords that sound like words read faster than nonwords that do not sound like words. why
a. This is because as soon as pronunciation of the nonword (BRANE) has been computed, recognition using inner speech will evoke the existing sound alike (BRAIN), and in return, the existing entry in the lexicon will contribute its share and confirm the sound form initially achieved using the non-lexical route.
