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PHTH 528 - Neuro Midterm > Neuroplasticity and strategies to improve motor function - Lecture #1 > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity and strategies to improve motor function - Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to reorganize itself to form new neural connection
- in reponse to training and practice
- to compensate for injury or disease

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2
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

Continous generation of new neurons in certain brain regions

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3
Q

How are new neural connections created?

A

New skills and experiences create new neural connections

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4
Q

What assists with stregnthening synapses?

A

Repetition and pracitce strengths for neural connection

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5
Q

Neuroplasticity cant ake place when changes occur in what?

A
  • characterisitcs of dendritic spines
  • Properties of membrane and ion channels
  • Hormonal activity
  • Microglia activity
  • DNA regulation and transcription
  • Neurotransmitters
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6
Q

How is neuroplasticity created with motor learning?

A
  • through repetition
  • neuroadaptive
  • attentionally engaging
  • rewards
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7
Q

What is neuroadaptive?

A

Task parameters to be continuously modified

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8
Q

How do we engage motor learning to increase neuroplasticity?

A

Task difficulty needs to be adjusted constantly

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9
Q

What do we engage motor learning system?

A
  • dopaminergic reward system
  • noradrenergic detection system
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10
Q

Task-specific intervention requires what?

A
  • Extensive **practice **of a specific task
  • emphasizes functional mobility task
  • practice
  • adapt treatment by changing the task and environmental conditions
  • vary the level of difficulty and progressed
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11
Q

What is motor control?

A

It is defined as the ability to regulate the mechanism essential to movement

Second to second
Minute to minute control of a muscle

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12
Q

What is motor skill?

A

Motor skills that require the body, head and limb movements to achieve a goal
- skill assumes both control, coordination and a goal

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13
Q

What is motor learning?

A

Motor learning is the acquisition of skills necessary to plan and execute a desired movement pattern for a given task

Day to Day
Week to week control of the muscles to perform an activity
Motor control over time

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14
Q

Describe performance

A

Behavioral act of executing a skill at a specific time and in a specific situation

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15
Q

What is open loop?

A

**Does not use feedback **
Control center provides all the information for effectors to carry out movement
- does not use feedback to continue and terminate movement

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16
Q

What is closed loop?

A

**uses feedback **
control center issues information to effectos sufficient only to initiate movements
- relies on feedback to continue and terminate movement

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17
Q

What is the cognitive stage?

“what to do”

A
  • Understanding the task and developing strategies
  • Large amount of attention

Instructive

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18
Q

What is associative stage?

“how to do”

A
  • Selected the best strategy for the task and refines skill
  • some attention still requires

Reinforcement
- use dependent

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19
Q

What is autonomous stage?

“how to succeed”

A
  • automaticity in the skills
  • low degree of attention required

Sensorimotor adaption
- use dependent

20
Q

What is the PT’s role to increase motor function?

A
  • To be able to determine the patient’s strengths and limitation
  • develop a collaborative POC that includes goals and outcomes that match the patient’s unique needs
21
Q

How do tasks affect movement?

A

Goals/nature
Elements
Attributes
- mobility
- stability
- skill

22
Q

How does the individual affect movement?

A

Cognition
Sensation/perception
Motor function
Impairments
Comorbidities/complications
Overall health status

23
Q

How does the environment affect movement?

A

Physical features:
- regulatory
- nonregulatory

Social resources

24
Q

What is the first level of the neurorehab intervention?

A

Restorative interventions that are designed to promote and restore optimal functional capacity

25
Q

What is the second level of the neurorehab intervention?

A

Functional training (activity-based, task-oriented intervention) - uses normal patterns to accomplish the task and motor learning strategies

26
Q

What is the final level of the neurorehab intervention?

A

Compensatory intervention in the presence of severe impairment
- they are designed to promote optimal function using altered movement patterns and strategies using all body segments

27
Q

What are the key variables of motor learning?

A
  1. Practice and repetition
  2. Performance feedback
  3. Generalizability and variability
  4. Diverse activities in varied contexts
28
Q

What is the most important variable in motor learning?

A

Practive
- What/how a task is practiced is more important than simple repetition

29
Q

What is blocked practice?

A

Practicing a skill constantly during a session

30
Q

What is a random practice?

A

Practicing multiple skills rather than concentrating on one single skill during a session

31
Q

What is important during performance feedback?

A

Differentiating between intrinsic and extrinsic
- knowledge of results
- knowledge of performance

32
Q

What is important aspect of motor learning?

A

Requires the patient to solve the problem

33
Q

Is too much feedback good?

A

Too much feedback can possibly change performance and patients are not allowed to create true learning and skill carryover

34
Q

What is self feedback?

A

Task intrinsic feedback

35
Q

What are the other forms of external feedback?

A
  • demonstration
  • visual feedback
  • tacticle feedback
  • verbal feedback
  • auditory feedback
  • biofeedback
  • neurofeedback
36
Q

What are the other forms of verbal feedback?

A

Knowledge of results
- information about the outcome of movement

Knowledege of performance
- information about the characterisitics (parameters) of movement

37
Q

How are we able to change generalizability and variability?

A
  • Different settings
  • Different surfaces
  • Different assists
  • Different type of day
38
Q

How are we able to change activities?

A

To have diverse activities in varied cortex through:
- blocked vs random practice (multiple activities in multiple different ways)
- task changing weight, object, position, surface, location, etc.
- varied environments

39
Q

What is a transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A

An electromagnetic coil held against the head and short electromagnetic pulses = depolization or hyperpolarization of the neurons in the brain because of the pulses

the pulse can pass through the skull and causing small currents that stimulate nerve cells in the brain region

40
Q

How do we use forced use as an intervention?

A

Designed to “force” the patient to use the affected extremity
- can use immobilization of the unaffected side
- encouraging the use of the affected side

41
Q

What is the principle of constraint induced movement therapy?

A
  • intense practice using involved UE
  • use of a “constraint” for the uninvolved UE
  • use of the involved UE for all activities throughout the day
42
Q

How are we able to use virtual reality and game systems?

A
  • allows patients to perform movement in a simulated environment and get feedback on the effects of their movements
  • using of various gaming systems and multiple games to advance activities
43
Q

What are virtual reality and game systems generally used for?

A

For UE mobility, LE weight bearing, sitting balance and standing balance

44
Q
A
45
Q

How is the body weight support treadmill operated?

A

Body weight is supported with a harness/overhead counterweight system
- allows for support for excessive weakness
- Manual assistance is also given to generate a normal stepping pattern/kinematic

46
Q

How does BW support treadmill assist with rehab?

A

Increases the number of steps a person is able to take (a form of task practice)

PHTH 528 - Neuro Midterm (8 decks)

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