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PHTH 528 - Neuro Midterm > Neuroplasticity and strategies to improve motor function - Lecture #1 > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity and strategies to improve motor function - Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to reorganize itself so it forms new neural connection
Due to:
- training response
- practice
- to compensate for injury or disease

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2
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

Continous generation of new neurons in certain brain regions

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3
Q

How are new neural connections created?

A

New skills and experiences

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4
Q

What assists with strengthening synapses?

A

Repetition and practice

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5
Q

Neuroplasticity can take place when changes occur in what?

A
  • characterisitcs of dendritic spines
  • Properties of membrane and ion channels
  • Hormonal activity
  • Microglia activity
  • DNA regulation and transcription
  • Neurotransmitters
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6
Q

How is neuroplasticity created with motor learning?

A
  • repetition (need to repeat)
  • neuroadaptive (able to adapt)
  • engaging (attention)
  • rewarding (worth it)
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7
Q

What is neuroadaptive?

A

Task parameters to be constantly modified

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8
Q

How do we engage motor learning to increase neuroplasticity?

A

Constant task difficulty adjustments (learn by making it hard)

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9
Q

What do we engage for the motor learning system?

A
  • dopaminergic reward system
  • noradrenergic detection system
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10
Q

Task-specific intervention requires what?

A
  • Extensive practice of a specific task
  • emphasizes functional mobility task
  • practice over everything
  • changing: task, environment, difficulty — progress when needed
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11
Q

What is motor control?

A

The ability to regulate the mechanism that is essential to movement

Second to second
Minute to minute control of a muscle

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12
Q

What is motor skill?

A

Actions that require the body, head and limb movements to achieve a goal
- skill assumes both control and coordination

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13
Q

What is motor learning?

A

Gaining new skills needed to plan and do a desired movement pattern for a task

  • Day to Day
  • Week to week control of the muscles to do an activity
  • Motor control over time
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14
Q

Describe performance

A

Doing a skill at a specific time and situation

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15
Q

What is open loop?

A

Does not use feedback
Control center provides all the info for effectors to carry out movement

No feed back to keep the movement going

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16
Q

What is closed loop?

A

uses feedback
control center issues information to effectors = enough to initiate movements

Needs feedback to keep or stop movement

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17
Q

What is the cognitive stage?

A
  • Understanding the task and developing strategies
  • Large amount of attention

“What to do?”

Instructive

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18
Q

What is associative stage?

A
  • Select the best strategy for the task -> refine skill
  • some attention still required

“How to do”

Reinforcement
- Use dependent

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19
Q

What is autonomous stage?

A
  • skills becoming automatic
  • low degree of attention needed

“How to succeed”

Sensorimotor adaption
- use dependent

20
Q

What is the PT’s role to increase motor function?

A
  • Know the patient’s strengths and limitation
  • Develop a collaborative PoC that has goals and outcomes to match pt personal needs
21
Q

How do tasks affect movement?

A

Types of goals/nature
Changable elements

Attributes such as:
- mobility
- stability
- skill

22
Q

What are some personal characteristics that affect movement?

A

Cognition
Sensation/perception
Motor function
Impairments
Comorbidities/complications
Overall health status

23
Q

How does the environment affect movement?

A

Physical features:
- regulatory (stable)
- nonregulatory (unstable)

Social resources

24
Q

What is the first level of the neurorehab intervention?

A

Restorative interventions = promote and restore optimal functional capacity

25
Q

What is the second level of the neurorehab intervention?

A

Functional training = uses normal patterns to get the task and motor learning strategies

Acitivity based, task-oriented interventions

26
Q

What is the final level of the neurorehab intervention?

A

Compensatory intervention in the presence of severe impairment

= promote optimal function with altered movement patterns and strategies for entire body

27
Q

What are the key variables of motor learning?

A
  1. Practice and repetition
  2. Performance feedback
  3. Generalizability and variability
  4. Diverse activities in varied contexts
28
Q

What is the most important variable in motor learning?

A

Practice
- What/how a task is practiced > simple repetition

29
Q

What is blocked practice?

A

Practicing a skill constantly during a session

30
Q

What is a random practice?

A

Practicing multiple skills rather than concentrating on one single skill during a session

31
Q

What is important during performance feedback?

A

Intrinsic (feeling the task)
Extrinsic (external force)
Knowledge of results and performance

32
Q

What is important aspect of motor learning?

A

Patient has to solve the problem

33
Q

Is too much feedback good?

A

Too much feedback can change performance = patients are not able to create true learning and skill carryover

34
Q

What is self feedback?

A

Task intrinsic feedback

35
Q

What are the other forms of external feedback?

A
  • demonstration
  • visual
  • tacticle
  • verbal
  • auditory
  • biofeedback
  • neurofeedback
36
Q

What are the other forms of verbal feedback?

A

Knowledge of results
- info about the outcome

Knowledege of performance
- info about the characterisitics (parameters)

37
Q

How are we able to change generalizability and variability?

A
  • Different settings, surfaces, assistance, type of day
38
Q

How are we able to change activities?

A

To have diverse activities in varied cortex by:
- blocked vs random practice
- changing task
- different environemnt

39
Q

What is a transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A

An electromagnetic coil held against the head and short electromagnetic pulses = depolization or hyperpolarization of the neurons in the brain

leads to stimulation of nerve cells in the brain region

40
Q

How do we use forced use as an intervention?

A

Designed to “force” the patient to use the affected extremity
- immobilization of unaffected side
- encouraging use affected side

41
Q

What is the principle of constraint induced movement therapy?

A
  • intense practice using involved UE
  • use of a “constraint” for the uninvolved UE
  • use of the involved UE for all activities throughout the day
42
Q

How are we able to use virtual reality and game systems?

A
  • patients to perform movement in a simulated environment with feedback
  • using of various games to advance activities
43
Q

What are virtual reality and game systems generally used for?

A

For UE mobility, LE weight bearing, sitting balance and standing balance

44
Q

How is the body weight support treadmill operated?

A

Body weight is supported with a harness/overhead counterweight system (lite-gait)
- support for excessive weakness
- Manual assistance for normal stepping pattern/kinematic

45
Q

How does BW support treadmill assist with rehab?

A

Increases the number of steps a person is able to take = HIGT

PHTH 528 - Neuro Midterm (8 decks)

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