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Physiology > Neurophysiology - Special topics > Flashcards

Neurophysiology - Special topics Flashcards

0
Q

Nerve cell type that are non-permanent cells?

A

Neuroglia/glial cells/supporting cells

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1
Q

Nerve cell type that are permanent cells?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Cell type that produces CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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3
Q

Macrophage of the brain

A

Microglia

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4
Q

Regulates ECF ion levels, gives mechanical support forms BBB

A

Astrocyte (nurse cells)

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5
Q

Creates myelin in the CSF

A

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

Creates myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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7
Q

Receiving portion of the neuron

A

Dendrites and cell body

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8
Q

Where action potential of the neuron starts

A

Axon hillock

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9
Q

Unmyelinated portion of the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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10
Q

Branches of the axons

A

Neural fibril

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11
Q

Terminal portion of neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles

A

Axon terminal/Boutons/end-feet

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12
Q

Space between two neurons

A

Synapse

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13
Q

Causes saltatory nerve conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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14
Q

Death of axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected

A

Wallerian degeneration/ anterograde/orthograde degeneration

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15
Q

Changes in the soma after axon is transected

A

Axonal reaction/chromatolysis

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16
Q

Used by the neuron to communicate with another neuron across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitter

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17
Q

Acetylcholine is secreted from?

A

Basal ganglia, Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

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18
Q

ACh deficiency results to what?

A

Alzhiemer’s disease - mc cause of elderly dementia

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19
Q

Dopamine is found mainly in?

A

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta and ventral Tegmental Area

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20
Q

Dopamine is degraded by what enzyme?

A

MAO (in presynaptic terminals and COMT (in tissues including liver)

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21
Q

Dopamine deficiency?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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22
Q

Dopamine excess

A

Schizophrenia

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23
Q

Classic problem in Parkinson’s disease

A

Akinesia

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24
Q

Secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

Locus ceruleus in the pons

B2 is more on epinephrine

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25
Q

Tryptophan derivatives

A

Melatonin, serotonin and niacin

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26
Q

Serotonin is mainly secreted by

A

Median raphe of the brain

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27
Q

Inhibitor of pain pathwAys in spinal cord, “happy hormone”, low levels seen in depression

A

Serotonin

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28
Q

Serotonin is converted to ____ in the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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29
Q

Secreted in the brain areas responsible for long - term behavior and memory

A

Nitric oxide - short acting inhibitory neurotransmitter

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30
Q

Neurotransmitter not preformed and stored in vesicles, synthesized almost instantly as needed

A

Nitric oxide

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31
Q

Histamine is secreted from?

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

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32
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in control of arousal, sleep and circadian rhythm

A

Histamine

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33
Q

Two inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Glycine - in spinal interneurons (spinal cord)

GABA - number one inhibitory in the brain

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34
Q

Comes from Glutamate: causes increase chloride influx or potassium efflux in the brain

A

GABA

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35
Q

Increases chloride influx in the spinal interneurons (spinal cord)

A

Glycine

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36
Q

Number one excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain

A

Glutamate

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37
Q

Exhibited by almost all cells, its the potential difference that exist across the membrane

A

Resting membrane potential (RMP) - intracellular charge

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38
Q

RMP is -70mV caused by?

A
  1. Nernst potential for Na and K diffusion
  2. Na-K leak channels or K leak channel
  3. Na-K ATPase (-4mV)
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39
Q

Basis for resting membrane potential and action potential

A

Ion channels

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40
Q

Making the membrane potential less negative

A

Depolarization

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41
Q

Making the MP more negative

A

Hyperpolarization

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42
Q

Positive charges flowing into the cell

A

Inward current

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43
Q

Positive charges flowing out of the cell

A

Outward current

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44
Q

Membrane potential in which AP is inevitable

A

Threshold

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45
Q

Portion of AP where MP is positive

A

Overshoot

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46
Q

Portion of the AP where MP is <RMP

A

Undershoot (hyperpolarizing after potential)

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47
Q

Undershoot results from _____

A

Prolonged opening of K+ channels

48
Q

Refers to opening of the Na-activation gates causes sodium influx

A

Depolarization

49
Q

Refers to closure of Na-inactivation gates (stops sodium influx) and opening of potassium gates (causes potassium efflux)

A

Repolarization

50
Q

Tetradotoxin and Saxitoxin are examples of _____

A

Sodium channel blockers of neurons

51
Q

An example of potassium channel blocker of neurons

A

Tetraethylammonium

52
Q

Time periods in an action potential during which a new stimulus cannot be readily elicited

A

Refractory period

53
Q

another action potential cannot be elicited, no matter how large the stimulus is. Coincides with almost the entire duration of the action Potential

A

Absolute refractory period

54
Q

Action potential can be elicited only if a larger than usual inward current is provided

A

Relative refractory period

55
Q

Slow depolarization that the threshold potential is passed without firing an action potential

A

Accommodation

56
Q

Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post synaptic cell

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

57
Q

Synaptic inputs that hyperpolarize the post-synaptic cell

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

58
Q

Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell simultaneously

A

Spatial summation

59
Q

Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell in rapid succession

A

Temporal summation

60
Q

Repeated stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be greater than expected

A

Nerve facilitation

61
Q

Increased released of NT and increased sensitivity to the NT

A

Long-Term Potentiation

62
Q

Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell

A

Synaptic fatigue

63
Q

All sensory nerves pass through the thalamus except for

A

Olfactory nerve

64
Q

Vasomotor center, respiratory center, swallowing, coughing and vomiting centers

A

Medulla

65
Q

Micturition center, pneumotaxic, apneustic centers

A

Pons

66
Q

Relay center for almost all sensation

A

Thalamus

67
Q

Contributes to balance

A

Cerebellum

68
Q

Connects the two brain hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

69
Q

Motor, personality and calculation

A

Frontal lobe

70
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal lobe

71
Q

Vision center

A

Occipital lobe

72
Q

Hearing, vestibular processing and face recognition

A

Temporal lobe

73
Q

Lesion to Broca’s area results to broken speech or ____ aphasia

A

Expressive aphasia

74
Q

Types of memory

A
  1. Short term memory - chemical changes
  2. Intermediate memory - days to weeks
  3. Long term memory - physical changes
75
Q

Refers to conversion of short memory to long memory

A

Consolidation - accelerated and potentiated by rehearsal and learning by trauma

76
Q

Hippocampal lesions will result to what type of amnesia?

A

Anterograde amnesia - loss of short term memory

77
Q

Thalamic lesion will cause what type of amnesia?

A

Retrograde amnesia - loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection

78
Q

Limbic system: produces mainly oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nuclei

79
Q

Limbic system: produces mainly vasopressin

A

Supra optic nuclei

80
Q

Limbic system: satiety center

A

Ventromedial nuclei

81
Q

Limbic system: hunger center

A

Lateral nuclei

82
Q

Limbic system: sweating - heat release

A

Anterior hypothalamus

83
Q

Limbic system: shivering - heat conservation

A

Posterior hypothalamus

84
Q

Limbic system: punishment center

A

Central gray area around Aqueduct of Sylvius

85
Q

Limbic system: reward center

A

Medial forebrain bundle

86
Q

Limbic system: social inhibition

A

Amygdala

87
Q

Bilateral destruction of the amygdala results to a condition presenting with Hyperorality, Hyperphagia and Hypersexuality

A

Kluver-Buche syndrome

88
Q

Master clock, modify the biological clock in the human body. Destruction causes loss of circadian functions

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

89
Q

EEG: wave during deep sleep

A

Delta

90
Q

EEG: wave during awake, eyes closed

A

Alpha

91
Q

EEG:wave when awake, eyes open

A

Beta

92
Q

Secretion of this peptide could be the possible cause of sleep

A

Muramyl peptide

93
Q

Two types of sleep

A

Slow wave sleep

Paradoxical sleep

94
Q

Sleep type associated with memory stimulation

A

Slow - wave sleep

95
Q

Most metabolic organ of the body

A

Brain - 15% of total metabolism

96
Q

Main source of brain metabolism

A

Glucose and ketones only

97
Q

Most efficient extractor of oxygen in the body

A

Heart - 97%

98
Q

Amount of CSF produced per day

A

500ml - 150ml total amount of CSF in the brain

99
Q

CSF pathway: connects the lateral to third ventricle

A

Foramen of Monroe

100
Q

CSF pathway: fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space passing through the ______

A

Foramen of Magendie and Foramen of Luschka

101
Q

CSF pathway: connects the third and fourth ventricle

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

102
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: serous salivation

A

Parasympathetic

103
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: Mucoid salivation

A

Sympathetic

104
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic: glandular secretion

A

Parasympathetic

105
Q

Most potent heat generating mechanism

A

Shivering

106
Q

Most of the body heat is loss through which way?

A

Radiation>evaporation> conduction to air> conduction to objects

107
Q

High temp secondary to use of succinylcholine and halothane

A

Malignant hyperthermia - treated with PGE2

108
Q

Energy system: in 100m dash, jumping, diving

A

Phosphagen energy system

109
Q

Energy system: tennis and soccer

A

Glycogen - lactic acid system : anaerobic, reconstitute ATP and phosphocreatinine

110
Q

Energy system: for unlimited time as long as with energy supply, long distance jogging

A

Aerobic system

111
Q

Basis of muscle endurance

A

Glycogen in the body

112
Q

What organ is the limiting factor for maximal exercise

A

Heart and not the lungs

113
Q

At level of ____altitude, person may experience twitching / seizures

A

18,000 feet

114
Q

Condition that manifest with acute pulmonary edema, acute cerebral edema

A

Acute mountain sickness

115
Q

Manifest as pulmonary vasoconstriction, right sided heart failure

A

Chronic mountain sickness

116
Q

More dangerous G force, blood shunted to the lower extremities

A

Positive G - at +20G vertebral fracture

117
Q

Manifest as pain in the joints and muscles and dyspnea

A

Decompression sickness

Physiology (4 decks)

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