Cell Physiology Flashcards
Cell classification of neurons, skeletal, and cardiac muscles
Permanent cells
Liver and kidney cells are what type of cells?
Quiescent/Stable cells
Protoplasm is mainly composed of?
Water - 70 to 80%
Contains DNA, histones and chromosomes; has nucleolus
Nucleus
Involve in detoxication, lipid synthesis, lipid - soluble substances to water soluble substances
Agranular endoplasmic reticulum - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
For protein synthesis bound for cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell
RER ribosomes
Protein synthesis for the cytoplasm and mitochondria
Free-Floating ribosomes
Packing, molecular tagging and synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate
Golgi apparatus
Contains proenzymes, neurotransmitters and replenishes cell membrane components
Secretory vesicles
For regression of tissues and autolysis, suicide bags of the cell, destroys FBs
Lysosomes
Degrades membrane associated proteins, not membrane bound
Proteosomes
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Contains oxidases, catalases for detoxyfication
Peroxisomes
Process that only happen inside the mitochondria?
Kreb’s Cycle - TCA
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Process that both occur in the cytoplasm and mitochondria
HUG
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
Earliest manifestation of Vit. A deficiency
Nyctalopia
Available form of vitamin A in the eyes?
Retinal
Available vitamin A used for the skin
Retinoic acid - skin while Retinol is for the gonads
Vitamin D deficiency in children
Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency in adults
Osteomalacia
Vitamin K is an important component for what clotting factor?
10, 9, 7, 2, and protein S and protein C
Pellagra is due deficiency of what vitamins?
Vitamin B3 - Niacin
Vitamin B1 deficiency that is at risk for heart failure
Beri-beri
Four D’s of Pellagra
Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis and Death
Vitamin B5 is also known as?
Pathotenic acid
Deficiency results to cheilosis and angular stomatitis
Vitamin B2: Riboflavin - source milk
Peripheral neuropathy esp. for patients taking Isoniazid has deficiency with?
Vitamin B6:Pyridoxine
Results to megaloblastic anemia with neural tube defects
Folate deficiency
Site of transcription and processing of rRNA
Nucleolus
Organelle that contains mitochondrial DNA that is maternally derived and does not follow the genetic code
Mitochondria
RER and SER are abundant in which organ?
Liver
Prokaryotic ribosomal subunits?
30s and 50s = 70s
Eukaryotic ribosomal unit
40s and 60s = 80s
Specialized SER in the skeletal muscles
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Specialized RER in the neuron
Nissl substances
Only substance modified in the RER and not the Golgi apparatus
Collagen ( unit of Glycine XY: hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine)
Vitamin used for oxidation, deficiency results to scurvy
Vitamin C
Added to lysosome-bound proteins by Golgi apparatus for molecular tagging
Mannose - 6 Phosphate: proteins then go to the lysosomes
If Peroxisome is from SER then lysosome come from which organelle?
Golgi Apparatus
Wear and tear pigment that accumulates in the lysosomes?
Lipofuscin
Cell filament: microvilli, locomotion of macrophages, muscles, zonula adherens, and zonula occludens
Actin/Microfilament
Cell filament: keratin, neurofilaments, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
Intermediate filaments
Cell filament: from tubulin dimer, flagella, cilia, mitotic spindle and intracellular vesicles
Microtubules
Motor protein causing transport of substances from center of the cell to the periphery
Kinesin
Syndrome : situs inversus, infertility and bronchiectasis
Kartagener’s syndrome - defective primary cilia explains the situs inversus
Cell locomotion: WBCs, fibroblasts, germinal cells of the skin, fertilized embryo as response to chemotactic substance
Amoeboid movement
Motor protein causing transport of substances from periphery of the cell to the center
Dynein
Cell locomotion: longer and moves in quasi-sinusoidal waves
Flagellar movement
Anterograde transport uses what protein?
Kinesin
Cell locomotion: whip like on in respiratory airways and fallopian tubes
Ciliary movement
Junctional complexes: disk shaped, for firm intercellular adhesions, (tight)
Macula adherens (desmosomes) - epithelium, “staple the cells”
Junctional complexes: ring shaped, increases surface area for contact
Zonula adherens (fascia adherens) - found in the intercalated disk of cardiac muscles
Junctional complexes: reticular pattern-divides cell into apical and basolateral side
Zonula occludens ( tight junctions) - found in the LEAKY (PCT, jejunum) and TIGHT (CD, terminal colon, BBB)
Junctional complexes: for intercellular communication
Gap junctions - in cardiac and unitary smooth muscles
Functional unit of Gap junction
Connexon
Refer to movement of substance through apical and basolateral side?
Transcellular transport
Refer to movement of cells through tight junctions
Paracellular transport
Act as guardian of the cell, made up of lipid bilayer ( fluid mosaic model) and divides the body into ECF and ICF compartments
Cell membrane
Cell membrane is mainly composed of what?
Proteins (55%)
Component of the cell membrane that mainly determines membrane fluidity and permeability to water soluble structure
Cholesterol - 13%
Disease involved a mutation in a gene for chromosome 7 that encodes for ABC transporter called CFTR.
Cystic fibrosis - most common acquired recessive trait among Caucasians. Sweat chloride test is the diagnostic procedure
Refers to cell drinking, for proteins, requires ATP and extracellular calcium
Pinocytosis
Refers to cell eating, for larger substances, usually WBCs and macrophages, usually receptor-mediated
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis - secretion of hormones and NT’s from intracellular vesicles is mediated by what protein?
SNARE protein
TBW comprises how many percent of body weight?
60% - 75% in newborn
Percent composition of ICF and ECF in the body weight?
ICF:40% and ECF:20% of the body weight
Refers to the internal environment/ mileu interiur
ECF
Predominant cation and anion of the ECF and ICF
ECF: Na+, Cl-
ICF: K+, PO4-
Principle that states: each compartment, total number of cations should be equal to total number of anions
Principle of Macroscopic Electroneutrality
Refers to osmoles per kilogram of water, independent of temperature
Osmolality
Osmoles per liter of water, varies with temperature
Osmolarity
Three main solutes used for estimation of plasma osmolarity
Sodium, glucose and urea
Refers to the movement of water from area of low concentration to high concentration across semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis
Which of the two is and example of PERMEANT solute? IMPERMEANT solute?
Urea(ineffective osmole) and Glucose (effective osmole)
Impermeant: glucose
Permeant: urea
Refers to weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled water
Specific gravity
Number between zero and one that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane
Reflection coefficient/ osmotic coefficient
An RC of zero means complete solute penetration. Example would be?
Urea
Type of transport: carrier mediated, active, uses sodium gradient
Secondary active transport (cotransport&counter transport)
Type of transport: not carrier mediated and passive
Simple diffusion eg. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Type of transport: carrier mediated, passive
Facilitated diffusion
Type of transport: carrier mediated, active, uses ATP
Primary active transport
Liters of blood in the system
Five liters
Amount of oxygen in the lungs
Six liters
Normal GFR value?
125ml/min
Normal cardiac output at rest?
5 liters
Retrograde transport use what protein?
Dynein
Cells that are continuously reproducing - eg. Skin cells
Labile cells
Syndrome among alcoholics deficient of Vit. B1
Wernicke-Korsacoff syndrome
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
Charged of the histones?
Positively charged
May result to megaloblastic anemia with neurologic deficits
Vitamin B12: Cobalamin deficiency
