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Physiology > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Cell classification of neurons, skeletal, and cardiac muscles

A

Permanent cells

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1
Q

Liver and kidney cells are what type of cells?

A

Quiescent/Stable cells

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2
Q

Protoplasm is mainly composed of?

A

Water - 70 to 80%

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3
Q

Contains DNA, histones and chromosomes; has nucleolus

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Involve in detoxication, lipid synthesis, lipid - soluble substances to water soluble substances

A

Agranular endoplasmic reticulum - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

For protein synthesis bound for cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell

A

RER ribosomes

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6
Q

Protein synthesis for the cytoplasm and mitochondria

A

Free-Floating ribosomes

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8
Q

Packing, molecular tagging and synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

Contains proenzymes, neurotransmitters and replenishes cell membrane components

A

Secretory vesicles

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10
Q

For regression of tissues and autolysis, suicide bags of the cell, destroys FBs

A

Lysosomes

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11
Q

Degrades membrane associated proteins, not membrane bound

A

Proteosomes

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12
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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14
Q

Contains oxidases, catalases for detoxyfication

A

Peroxisomes

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15
Q

Process that only happen inside the mitochondria?

A

Kreb’s Cycle - TCA

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

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16
Q

Process that both occur in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

A

HUG
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

Earliest manifestation of Vit. A deficiency

A

Nyctalopia

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18
Q

Available form of vitamin A in the eyes?

A

Retinal

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19
Q

Available vitamin A used for the skin

A

Retinoic acid - skin while Retinol is for the gonads

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20
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in children

A

Rickets

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21
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

A

Osteomalacia

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22
Q

Vitamin K is an important component for what clotting factor?

A

10, 9, 7, 2, and protein S and protein C

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23
Q

Pellagra is due deficiency of what vitamins?

A

Vitamin B3 - Niacin

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25
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency that is at risk for heart failure

A

Beri-beri

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26
Q

Four D’s of Pellagra

A

Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis and Death

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27
Q

Vitamin B5 is also known as?

A

Pathotenic acid

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28
Q

Deficiency results to cheilosis and angular stomatitis

A

Vitamin B2: Riboflavin - source milk

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29
Q

Peripheral neuropathy esp. for patients taking Isoniazid has deficiency with?

A

Vitamin B6:Pyridoxine

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30
Q

Results to megaloblastic anemia with neural tube defects

A

Folate deficiency

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32
Q

Site of transcription and processing of rRNA

A

Nucleolus

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33
Q

Organelle that contains mitochondrial DNA that is maternally derived and does not follow the genetic code

A

Mitochondria

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34
Q

RER and SER are abundant in which organ?

A

Liver

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35
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomal subunits?

A

30s and 50s = 70s

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36
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomal unit

A

40s and 60s = 80s

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37
Q

Specialized SER in the skeletal muscles

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

Specialized RER in the neuron

A

Nissl substances

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39
Q

Only substance modified in the RER and not the Golgi apparatus

A

Collagen ( unit of Glycine XY: hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine)

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40
Q

Vitamin used for oxidation, deficiency results to scurvy

A

Vitamin C

41
Q

Added to lysosome-bound proteins by Golgi apparatus for molecular tagging

A

Mannose - 6 Phosphate: proteins then go to the lysosomes

42
Q

If Peroxisome is from SER then lysosome come from which organelle?

A

Golgi Apparatus

43
Q

Wear and tear pigment that accumulates in the lysosomes?

A

Lipofuscin

44
Q

Cell filament: microvilli, locomotion of macrophages, muscles, zonula adherens, and zonula occludens

A

Actin/Microfilament

45
Q

Cell filament: keratin, neurofilaments, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

A

Intermediate filaments

46
Q

Cell filament: from tubulin dimer, flagella, cilia, mitotic spindle and intracellular vesicles

A

Microtubules

47
Q

Motor protein causing transport of substances from center of the cell to the periphery

A

Kinesin

48
Q

Syndrome : situs inversus, infertility and bronchiectasis

A

Kartagener’s syndrome - defective primary cilia explains the situs inversus

50
Q

Cell locomotion: WBCs, fibroblasts, germinal cells of the skin, fertilized embryo as response to chemotactic substance

A

Amoeboid movement

51
Q

Motor protein causing transport of substances from periphery of the cell to the center

A

Dynein

52
Q

Cell locomotion: longer and moves in quasi-sinusoidal waves

A

Flagellar movement

54
Q

Anterograde transport uses what protein?

A

Kinesin

55
Q

Cell locomotion: whip like on in respiratory airways and fallopian tubes

A

Ciliary movement

56
Q

Junctional complexes: disk shaped, for firm intercellular adhesions, (tight)

A

Macula adherens (desmosomes) - epithelium, “staple the cells”

57
Q

Junctional complexes: ring shaped, increases surface area for contact

A

Zonula adherens (fascia adherens) - found in the intercalated disk of cardiac muscles

58
Q

Junctional complexes: reticular pattern-divides cell into apical and basolateral side

A

Zonula occludens ( tight junctions) - found in the LEAKY (PCT, jejunum) and TIGHT (CD, terminal colon, BBB)

59
Q

Junctional complexes: for intercellular communication

A

Gap junctions - in cardiac and unitary smooth muscles

60
Q

Functional unit of Gap junction

A

Connexon

61
Q

Refer to movement of substance through apical and basolateral side?

A

Transcellular transport

62
Q

Refer to movement of cells through tight junctions

A

Paracellular transport

63
Q

Act as guardian of the cell, made up of lipid bilayer ( fluid mosaic model) and divides the body into ECF and ICF compartments

A

Cell membrane

64
Q

Cell membrane is mainly composed of what?

A

Proteins (55%)

65
Q

Component of the cell membrane that mainly determines membrane fluidity and permeability to water soluble structure

A

Cholesterol - 13%

66
Q

Disease involved a mutation in a gene for chromosome 7 that encodes for ABC transporter called CFTR.

A

Cystic fibrosis - most common acquired recessive trait among Caucasians. Sweat chloride test is the diagnostic procedure

67
Q

Refers to cell drinking, for proteins, requires ATP and extracellular calcium

A

Pinocytosis

68
Q

Refers to cell eating, for larger substances, usually WBCs and macrophages, usually receptor-mediated

A

Phagocytosis

69
Q

Exocytosis - secretion of hormones and NT’s from intracellular vesicles is mediated by what protein?

A

SNARE protein

70
Q

TBW comprises how many percent of body weight?

A

60% - 75% in newborn

71
Q

Percent composition of ICF and ECF in the body weight?

A

ICF:40% and ECF:20% of the body weight

72
Q

Refers to the internal environment/ mileu interiur

A

ECF

73
Q

Predominant cation and anion of the ECF and ICF

A

ECF: Na+, Cl-
ICF: K+, PO4-

74
Q

Principle that states: each compartment, total number of cations should be equal to total number of anions

A

Principle of Macroscopic Electroneutrality

75
Q

Refers to osmoles per kilogram of water, independent of temperature

A

Osmolality

76
Q

Osmoles per liter of water, varies with temperature

A

Osmolarity

77
Q

Three main solutes used for estimation of plasma osmolarity

A

Sodium, glucose and urea

78
Q

Refers to the movement of water from area of low concentration to high concentration across semi-permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

79
Q

Which of the two is and example of PERMEANT solute? IMPERMEANT solute?
Urea(ineffective osmole) and Glucose (effective osmole)

A

Impermeant: glucose
Permeant: urea

80
Q

Refers to weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled water

A

Specific gravity

81
Q

Number between zero and one that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane

A

Reflection coefficient/ osmotic coefficient

82
Q

An RC of zero means complete solute penetration. Example would be?

A

Urea

83
Q

Type of transport: carrier mediated, active, uses sodium gradient

A

Secondary active transport (cotransport&counter transport)

84
Q

Type of transport: not carrier mediated and passive

A

Simple diffusion eg. Oxygen and carbon dioxide

85
Q

Type of transport: carrier mediated, passive

A

Facilitated diffusion

86
Q

Type of transport: carrier mediated, active, uses ATP

A

Primary active transport

87
Q

Liters of blood in the system

A

Five liters

88
Q

Amount of oxygen in the lungs

A

Six liters

89
Q

Normal GFR value?

A

125ml/min

90
Q

Normal cardiac output at rest?

A

5 liters

92
Q

Retrograde transport use what protein?

A

Dynein

93
Q

Cells that are continuously reproducing - eg. Skin cells

A

Labile cells

95
Q

Syndrome among alcoholics deficient of Vit. B1

A

Wernicke-Korsacoff syndrome

99
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

103
Q

Charged of the histones?

A

Positively charged

114
Q

May result to megaloblastic anemia with neurologic deficits

A

Vitamin B12: Cobalamin deficiency

Physiology (4 decks)

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