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GI Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Refers to movement of food from stomach to duodenum

A

Gastric emptying

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1
Q

Basic GI layers

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

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2
Q

Function of the GI tract for secretion and absorption

A

Mucosa - Epithelium

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3
Q

Part of the mucosa innervated by the Meissner’s plexus

A

Muscularis mucosa - smooth muscle cells controlling the eptihelium

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4
Q

GI tract structure: composed of collagen, elastin, glands and blood vessels

A

Submucosa - composed of connective tissue

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5
Q

GI tract structure: composed of muscle layer

A

Muscularis

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6
Q

Muscle layer that causes decreases diameter of the lumen

A

Inner Circular Muscle layer

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7
Q

GI muscle layer: shortens segment of the GI tract

A

Outer Longitudinal Muscle layer

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8
Q

Muscle layer of the GI tract: refers to the actual peristalsis

A

Outer longitudinal muscle layer

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9
Q

Serosa layer of the GI tract is also known as?

A

Adventitia or mesothelium

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10
Q

GI plexus located between submucosal and inner circular muscle layer

A

Meissner’s plexus - also known as Submucosal plexus, for secretion, absorption and contraction of muscularis mucosae.

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11
Q

GI plexus between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer.

A

Auerbach’s plexus - also known as Myenteric plexus. For motility

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12
Q

GI layer not seen in esophagus

A

Serosa

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13
Q

Strongest layer of the Esophagus

A

Submucosa

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14
Q

Muscle layer of the Stomach

A

Inner oblique, middle circular and outer longitudinal layer

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15
Q

Myenteric plexus is mainly excitatory except in what region?

A

Pyloric sphincter and ileocecal valve - relaxation

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16
Q

Extrinsic innervation of GI tract: excitatory of esophagus to upper large intestine

A

Vagus nerve

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17
Q

Excitatory extrinsic innervation of Gi tract from lower large intestine to Anus

A

Pelvic nerves

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18
Q

Refers to the alternate movement of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers

A

Reciprocal innervation

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19
Q

Three main function of VIP: Vasointestinal peptide

A
  1. Relaxation of pyloric sphincter and ileocecal valves
  2. Receptive relaxation of LES
  3. Receptive relaxation of Stomach
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20
Q

GI hormone: stimulated by gastric distention causes increase gastric H+ secretion and stimulates growth of gastric mucosa

A

Gastrin

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21
Q

Main inhibitory of Gastrin

A

H+ and somatostatin

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22
Q

GI hormone: stimulated during fasting.

A

Motilin

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23
Q

From M cells, causes activation of migrating myoelectric complex or interdigestive myoelectric complex

A

Motilin

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24
Q

GI hormone: increases pancreatic and biliary HCO3- secretion. And decreases effect of gastrin on gastric mucosa

A

Secretin - from S cells

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25
Q

Protective hormone for the duodenum against the acid of the stomach

A

Secretin

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26
Q

GI hormone: main trigger of release is Glucose. Increases insulin secretion and inhibits gastric emptying

A

Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide - from K cells

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27
Q

Different Incretin hormones

A

GIP from K cells
GLP from L cells
Glucagon

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28
Q

GI hormone: produced by I cells in respond to all foods (FA: main trigger)

A

Cholecystokinin - CCK

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29
Q

Function of CCK

A

Gallbladder relaxation
Sphincter of Oddi Relaxation
Increaes pancreatic enzyme and HCO3- secretion
Inhibits gastric emptying

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30
Q

Motilin has an action on GI tract except on what region?

A

Motilin act only on stomach and small intestine and not on Large intestine

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31
Q

Most potent stimuli for gastrin secretion

A

Protein - phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine

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32
Q

Neurocrine from vagus nerve to G cells

A

GRP/ Bombesin

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33
Q

GI hormone: secreted in response to hypoglycemia thus resulting to glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Enteroglucagon

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34
Q

Incretin hormone secreted by L cells of small intestines that stimulates insulin secretion

A

Glucagon like peptide 1 ( GLP-1)

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35
Q

GI hormone: that inhibits release of all GI hormones and gastric H+ secretion

A

Somatostatin

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36
Q

GI hormone: secreted by mast cells of gastric mucosa that increased H+ secretion, potentiates gastrin and Ach action

A

Histamine

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37
Q

GI hormone: that inhibits appetite, found at the ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Satiety center

38
Q

Location of the Appetite/hunger center

A

Lateral hypothalamus - stimulates appetite

39
Q

It sends signals to Satiety and Hunger Center

A

Arcuate nucleus pathway

40
Q

It releases POMC to decrease appetite

A

Anorexigenic neurons

41
Q

It releases Neuropeptide Y to increase appetite

A

Orexigenic neurons

42
Q

It stimulates anorexigenic neurons and inhibits orexigenic neurons

A

Leptin (fat cells), insulin and GLP-1

43
Q

It inhibits anorexigenic neurons

A

Ghrelin (gastric cells)

44
Q

Inhibits Ghrelin

A

Peptide YY

45
Q

It refers to constant level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation

A

Tonic contractions - orad stomach, lower esophageal, ileocecal and internal anal sphincters

46
Q

Tonic contractions are due to _ waves

A

Subthreshold slow waves - not true action potential but capable of irregular contractions

47
Q

It refers to periodic contractions followed by relaxation for mixing and propulsion purposes.

A

Phasic contractions - in esophagus, gastric antrum and small intestines

48
Q

Phasic contractions are due to?

A

Spike potentials - true action potentials

49
Q

Refers to GI pacemaker

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

50
Q

Depolarization during slow wave is due to?

A

Sodium influx

51
Q

With slowest frequency

A

Stomach - 3waves/min

52
Q

Fastest frequency

A

Duodenum - 12 waves/min

53
Q

Spike potentials are due to?

A

Calcium influx - threshold of -40mV

54
Q

What is the most common stimulus for Gi peristalsis?

A

Distention

55
Q

It refers to muscles upstream contract, muscles downstream exhibit receptive relaxation

A

Myenteric reflex

56
Q

What is the Law of the Gut?

A

Myenteric reflex + anal direction of peristalsis

57
Q

How long does it take to transfer material from pylorus to ileocecal valve?

58
Q

How long does it take to transfer material from ileocecal valve to colon?

A

8-15 hours

59
Q

Swallowing center?

60
Q

Three phases of swallowing?

A

Oral phase
Pharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase

61
Q

Phase of swallowing that prevents aspiration of food contents

A

Pharyngeal phase - soft palate pulled upward, glottis covered, upper esophageal sphincter relaxes

62
Q

Peristalsis that creates high pressure behind bolus of food propelling it towards the stomach

A

Primary peristaltic contraction - accelerated by Gravity

63
Q

Relxation of the lower esophageal sphincter is vagally-mediated using?

A

VIP or vasoinstestinal peptide

64
Q

Peristalsis that clears the esophagus of remaining food?

A

Secondary Peristaltic Contraction

65
Q

Three muscle layers of the stomach

A

Inner oblique layer
Middle circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

66
Q

Three anatomic division of the stomach

A

Fundus, body and antrum

67
Q

Two functional division of the stomach

A

Orad stomach ( thin-walled) and Caudad stomach ( thick-walled)

68
Q

Refers to food propelled back to stomach for further reduction in particle size and mixing with gastric juice

A

Retropulsion - due to inner oblique muscle layer

69
Q

Propelling of food from stomach to duodenum

A

Gastric emptying - 3 hours

70
Q

Gastric emptying is inhibited by what?

A

Fat ( due to CCK)

H+ in duodenum (due to direct neural reflex)

71
Q

Refers to the back-forth movement with no net forward motion.

A

Segmentation contraction - mixes chyme with pancreatic enzymes

72
Q

It propels chyme towards the large intestines

A

Peristaltic contraction - actual peristalsis

73
Q

What is reciprocally innervated means?

A

When one is contracted, the other is relaxed, and vice-versa. Prevent opposing each other

74
Q

Sac-like segments due to segmental contractions of the large intestines

75
Q

It function merely for water absorption, to dry up feces

A

Proximal colon - 1.5L of water

76
Q

Function as storage for feces

A

Distal colon

77
Q

Refers to movement of colonic contents over long distances (from transverse colon to sigmoid colon)

A

Mass movement - occur 1-3x a day

78
Q

Maneuver against closed glottis that assist defecation

A

Valsalva maneuver

79
Q

Odor of the stool is due to what bacterial products?

A

Mercaptan, indole, skatole and hydrogen sulfide

80
Q

Refers to increase peristalsis in ileum and relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter due to presence of food in the stomach

A

Gastroileal reflex

81
Q

Food in the stomach increases peristalsis in the colon and frequency of mass movements

A

Gastrocolic reflex - mediated by parasympathetic NS, CCK and Gastrin

82
Q

Refers to a reverse wave peristalsis that begins from the small intestines

A

Vomiting - preceded by Nausea

83
Q

Vomiting center

84
Q

Incomplete vomiting

85
Q

Gland with serous secretion only

A

Parotid gland

86
Q

Gland with mixed secretion of mucus and serous

A

Submandibular and sublingual glands

87
Q

Innervation of parotid gland

A

Cranial nerve 9

88
Q

Innervation for submandibular and sublingual glands?

89
Q

Effect of sympathetic NS on salivation

A

Decreases salivation

90
Q

Effect of parasympathetic NS on salivation

A

Increases salivation

91
Q

Initial saliva is high in?

A

Sodium and Chloride ions

92
Q

Final saliva is high in?

A

Bicarbonate and potassium ions

Physiology (4 decks)

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