Neurophysiology - L4 Flashcards
Nervous System is Broken in to Two Categories
Peripheral Nervous System and Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System is split in to two categories
Somatic and autonomic
Autonomic Nervous system is split to three categories
Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric.
Neurons on Somatic and Autonomic
Somatic - is a single nueron between CNS and skeletal
Autonomic - is a preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
Sympathetic Division vs Parasympathetic Division
Sympathetic - flight or Fight, one preganglion usually affects many postganglion coordinating reactions
Parasympathetic - is more rest and digest. ganglia are close to the organs
Things are usually dual innervated between the two of these except. Sweat, blood vessels
NeuroTransmitters and receptor - Somatic
ACh on to the N1
NT - Sympathetic (pre and post ganglion) and receptors
Preganglion - Ach on to N2
PostGanglion - use Ach for those that are not dually innervated on to M Receptors
- use NE for alpha 1, 2, beta 1, 2
NT - Parasympathetic and receptor
Use Ach pre and post ganglionic. to the N2 and then the Ach to M receptor post ganglion
Cholinergic Receptors
Bind Ach
Adrenergic
Bind NE and E
Alpha 2 Receptor
NE inhibits parasympathetic at alpha 2 receptor on the preganglion. So alpha 2 receptors are on preganglion of parasympathetic and allow cross talk.
M Receptor
Located on receptors post ganglion, but also located on the preganglion of sympathetic and Ach will bind to inhibit the release of NE. allowing cross Talk
variscosities
Look like pearls along the axon. the little swellings will release NE within the sympathetic pathway
5 controls of NE release
1- Frequency of action potentials
2 - NE production from tyrosine to dopamine
3- receptors on variscosities may regulate amount of NE released
4- NE in cleft acts as a negative feedback, NE binds to own alpha 2 receptor to inhibit
5- 3 mechanisms - reuptake by sodium coupled transport - diffusion away in cleft - MAO degredation by MAO - Takenup by extraneuronal uptake.
Production of NE
Tyrosine -> Dopa -> Dopamine and then to NE through dopamine-beta-hydroxylate
Signals that change amount NE release from varicosities
Ach, histimine, Serotonin, or prostoglandins decrease amount of NE
Angiotensin II and Epinephrine increase amount of NE
Bouten Type
one ending bulb releasing Ach and similar control using PDE and recycling and diffusion to manage
Tonic Discharge
means firing all the time but other signals modulate it (heart beat)
Visceral Feedback Loops
Reflexes such as smelling food and getting hungry
Feed Forward Stimulation
Not just react but also have an anticipatroy response. ex// heart rate goes up before a run
