Neurophysiology

Question 1

LMN damage means ______ to muscle damaged

Answer 1

innervation

Question 2

LMN damages the?

Answer 2

reflex arc

Question 3

UMN ______ of reflex arc is damaged

Answer 3

inhibition

Question 4

UMN damage cranial to the reflex arc

Answer 4

means DISINHIBITION of reflex arc

Question 5

If the ENTIRE neuron is affected in single embryological segments of body

Answer 5

LMN affected

Question 6

Which LAMINA is affected in LMN

Answer 6

IX

Question 7

if the neuron entirely within the CNS not in peripheral nervous system is affected

Answer 7

UMN

Question 8

UMN usually inhibit?

Answer 8

LMN

Question 9

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or describable in terms of such damage

Answer 9

PAIN

Question 10

The neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli i.e. a signal arriving at the central nervous system as a result of nociceptor stimulation

Answer 10

Nociception

Question 11

A high-threshold sensory receptor of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system that is capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli

Answer 11

Nociceptor

Question 12

Nociceptors give rise to 2 categories of pain perception which are?

Answer 12

Alpha myelinated fibers and c-fibre unmyelinated fibers

Question 13

Which category of pain has these characteristics:

• First pain (sharp/pinprick)
• Sharp sensation, felt immediately
• Lasts only for duration of stimulus
• Conduction speed ~20 m/s

Answer 13

ALPHA MYELINATED FIBERS

Question 14

Which category of pain has these characteristics:

• Second pain (true)
• Burning/aching sensation
• Longer lasting
• Conduction speed <2 m/s

Answer 14

C-fiber unmyelinated

Question 15

T/F there are the Pathway from stimulus to perception occurs in five stages:

• Pain reception & relay to spinal cord
• Processing in the dorsal horn
• Ascending pathways to the brain
• Central processing
• Descending analgesic pathway

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

Intimately linked to inflammation

Answer 16

peripheral modulation

Question 17

Peripheral sensitisation has _____ depolarisation of nociceptors via activation of ion channels

Answer 17

DIRECT

Question 18

Peripheral sensitisation has ______ threshold AP generation via phosphorylation of ion channels

Answer 18

decreased

Question 19

the result of peripheral modulation is?

Answer 19

sensitization

Question 20

cells involved with peripheral modulation

Answer 20

– Activated nociceptors
• Macrophages
• Mast cells
• Thrombocytes

Question 21

which damanged tissues are involved with peripheral modulation

Answer 21

arachidonic acid and purines

Question 22

Inflammatory-mediated increase in local nociceptor sensitivity =

Answer 22

primary hyperalgesia

Question 23

Increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain

Answer 23

hyperalgesia

Question 24

Absence of pain in response to a stimulus that normally provokes pain

Answer 24

analgesia

Question 25

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain

Answer 25

allodynia

Question 26

Diminished pain in response to a normally painful stimulus

Answer 26

hypoalgesia

Question 27

Perceived increase in pain sensitivity over time when a given stimulus is delivered repeatedly above a critical rate or intensity

Answer 27

wind-up

Question 28

Pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system

Answer 28

neuropathic pain

Question 29

Stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues

Answer 29

noxious stimulus

Question 30

Role of hippocampus?

Answer 30

short term memory and spatial location

Question 31

Network type in hippocampus?

Answer 31

random network (more axons per neurons means high cost energy system and LONG axons which why its small)

Question 32

Role of cerebellum?

Answer 32

plans and adjust motor output -- coordinates movements

Question 33

Network type in cerebellum?

Answer 33

small world network

Question 34

Advantage of a small world network in the cerebellum?

Answer 34

many more LOCAL connections than long distance connections so short axon per neuron which means small metabolic requirement

Question 35

Disadvantage of a small world network in the cerebellum?

Answer 35

Poor global processing which means no random processing and gives up our cross talk

Question 36

Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebellum?

Answer 36

Basket cells, Stellate cells, | Granule cells

Question 37

Outgoing Purkinje cells are the ----?

Answer 37

output so they synapse in cerebellar nuclei

Question 38

is there is an absense in Purkinje cells what happens?

Answer 38

no output from the cerebellum

Question 39

Minimises difference between intended and actual movements so Smooth and coordinated movements

Answer 39

the cerebellum

Question 40

when an animal tries to do something and things are wobbly

Answer 40

intenion tremor

Question 41

when an animal does something and they have a smoooth muscle action so no tremor but when they sit still they have tremor

Answer 41

basal ganglia tremor

Question 42

what are the 2 kinds of memory?

Answer 42

explicit and implicit

Question 43

Conscious recollection of a previous episode (ex: remembering what you had for dinner last night)

Answer 43

explicit

Question 44

An effect on thought or action attributable to a previous event or series of events – but you can’t remember the events

Answer 44

implicit

Question 45

What memory are we using to remember our times table?

Answer 45

explicit

Question 46

what memory is the reason why you can't teach someone how to play guitar with words only motor memory?

Answer 46

implicit

Question 47

what memory is responsible for phobias?

Answer 47

implicit

Question 48

long term potentiation is short or long term memory?

Answer 48

SHORT

Question 49

habituation and synaptic developed is long or short term memory?

Answer 49

LONG

Question 50

reduced number of synapses

Answer 50

CHRONIC HABITUATION

Question 51

increased number of synapses

Answer 51

CHRONIC SENSITIZATION