equine head and neck

Question 1

Motor innervation to the face

Answer 1

CN VII - facial

Question 2

Sensory innervation to the head

Answer 2

CN V - trigeminal (V1, V2, V3)

Question 3

where to take the pulse in equine head?

Answer 3

facial artery

Question 4

THE GUTTURAL POUCHES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE

Answer 4

Internal Carotid, External Carotid, & Maxillary Arteries

Question 5

what cranial nerves are associated with the guttral pouches?

Answer 5

Cranial Nerves IX, X, XI and XII

Question 6

The function of Viborg’s triangle:

Answer 6

a place for the surgical incision to locate and open an infected diverticulum of the auditory tube (AKA GUTTRAL POUCH)

Question 7

in the horse the frontal sinus drains into ????, not directly into the nasal cavity.

Answer 7

the caudal maxillary sinus

Question 8

CN VII (Hypoglossal) supplies what?

Answer 8

Rrostal 2/3rd of the tongue

Question 9

The parotid gland occupies what space?

Answer 9

It occupies the space between the caudal border of the mandible, the wing of the atlas, and the base of the ear, and ventrally it extends to
the linguofacial vein

Question 10

What blood supplies accompanies the parotod duct

Answer 10

facial artery and facial vein

Question 11

Where does the parotod duct drain into?

Answer 11

duct opens into the oral vestibule opposite of the 2nd or 3rd upper check tooth

Question 12

Where does the mandibular duct drain in to?

Answer 12

passes onto the deep surface of the mylohyoideus where it follows the medial aspect of the sublingual gland to the sublingual caruncle on the floor of the mouth a few cm caudal to the incisors.

Question 13

Muscles of mastication are innverated by what CN?

Answer 13

Mandibular (V3)

Question 14

what includes the muscles mastication?

Answer 14

pterygoideus mm, massester, temporalis

Question 15

Muscles of mastication are innverated by what CN?

Answer 15

Mandibular (V3) motor branch

Question 16

Digastricus receives innervation from what CN?

Answer 16

Facial nerve

Question 17

Swallowing mechanism in horses:

Answer 17

In swallowing the epiglottis, sliding out from the intrapharyngeal ostium, by its retroflexion closes the entrance to the larynx. By elevating the dorsum of the tongue, the bolus passes across the laryngeal entrance into the esophagus. A false passage into the nasal pharynx is prevented by elevation of the soft palate.

Question 18

Swallowing mechanism in horses:

Answer 18

In swallowing, the bolus of food in the oral cavity, the bolus pushes the soft palate up, pushes the epiglottis back, runs along the rostal border of epiglottis to get injected into the esophagus, sliding out from the intrapharyngeal ostium, by its retroflexion closes the entrance to the larynx. By elevating the dorsum of the tongue, the bolus passes across the laryngeal entrance into the esophagus. A false passage into the nasal pharynx is prevented by elevation of the soft palate.

Question 19

Damage to cranial nerve ____ results additionally in partial loss of the sensory and motor functions of the pharynx.

Answer 19

CN X - VAGUS

Question 20

If the ____ cranial nerve is paralyzed, the lingual muscles are involved. The tongue droops from the mouth and cannot be retracted into the oral cavity.

Answer 20

XII - hypoglossal

Question 21

Viborg’s triangle location (borders)

Answer 21

Its borders are dorsally the tendon of the sternomandibular muscle (sternocephalicus muscle), rostrally the cervical border of the mandible and ventrally the linguofacial vein.

Question 22

Viborg’s triangle location (borders)

Answer 22

Its borders are dorsally the tendon of the sternomandibular muscle (sternocephalicus muscle), rostrally the cervical border of the mandible and ventrally the linguofacial vein.

Question 23

CN XII function:

Answer 23

It supplies the motor innervation to all extrinsic and instrinsic muscles of the tongue

Question 24

masseter, pterygoid, and temporalis muscles, and rostral part of the digastric muscle are innverated by which CN?

Answer 24

CN V - MANDIBULAR BRANCH

Question 25

safe entry into the maxillary sinus

Answer 25

-line from facial crest to the medial canthus of the eye for safe entry into maxillary sinuses

Question 26

safe entry into the maxillary sinus to avoid infraorbital nerve

Answer 26

- apex of the nasoincisive notch --> line from facial crest --> medial canthus of the eye for safe entry into maxillary sinuses (use the straight line as your dorsal border)

Question 27

What two structures are you trying to avoid when trying to access the maxillary sinus?

Answer 27

the nasolacrimal duct and the infraorbital nerve

Question 28

What are the dorsal boundaries of the guttural pouches?

Answer 28

base of the skull and atlas.

Question 29

What are the ventral boundaries of the guttural pouches?

Answer 29

are the pharynx and the commencement of the esophagus.

Question 30

What are the lateral boundaries of the guttural pouches?

Answer 30

pterygoid muscles and the parotid and mandibular salivary glands.

Question 31

What are the medial boundaries of the guttural pouches?

Answer 31

longus capitis muscles and the septum which separates the two medial compartments.

Question 32

What are the important anatomic features and structures associated with the guttural pouches

Answer 32

The stylohyoid bone, The medial retropharyngeal lymph node, AND Cranial nerves IX, X and XI

Question 33

Sphincter of the mouth

Answer 33

obicularis oris

Question 34

sphincter of the eye

Answer 34

orbicualris oculi

Question 35

what muscle closes the horses lips?

Answer 35

obicularis oris

Question 36

what muscle closes the horses eye

Answer 36

orbicularis oculi

Question 37

what cranial nerve is most superficial on the face?

Answer 37

facial nerve -- right under the cheek

Question 38

Where does the facial nerve come from?

Answer 38

facial nerve comes right out of the skull and through the parotid gland

Question 39

what happens if something happens to the superficial CN VII (facial)

Answer 39

hemi paralysis on one side of the face

Question 40

infraoribital nerve is an extension of the ____ nerve

Answer 40

maxillary

Question 41

2 places to take a pulse on the face?

Answer 41

transverse facial artery and the facial artery

Question 42

2 places to take a pulse on the face?

Answer 42

transverse facial artery and the facial artery

Question 43

nerve supply to the maxilla?

Answer 43

maxillary nerve

Question 44

what nerve comes out of the foramen ovale

Answer 44

mandibular nerve

Question 45

What nerve comes out of the infraorbital canal ???

Answer 45

maxillary nerve

Question 46

what innervates the rostal 2/3rds of the tongue

Answer 46

lingual nerve

Question 47

innervation of the teeth(roots)

Answer 47

V3 ---> inferior alveolar nerve

Question 48

what does the inferior alveolar nerve turn into?

Answer 48

mental nerve that comes out of mental foramen

Question 49

Innervation of the teeth of the maxilla?

Answer 49

maxillary nerve (V2)

Question 50

what does the maxillary nerve terminate into?

Answer 50

infraorbital nerve

Question 51

motor nerve of the eyelid

Answer 51

facial nerve branch auriculopalpebral

Question 52

sensory nerve of the eyelid

Answer 52

supraorbital nerve from V1

Question 53

T/F cows don't have a supraorbital nerve

Answer 53

TRUE - cornual nerve

Question 54

what nerve desensitizes the area around the base of the horn in cattle for disbudding?

Answer 54

cornual nerve

Question 55

Endoscopic entry route to guttral pouch

Answer 55

go up through ventral meatus --> poke it through pharyngeal slit and you're in the pouch

Question 56

adductor of the vocal folds?

Answer 56

cricoaryentoid muscle

Question 57

what nerve is the main sensory supply to all the maxilla?

Answer 57

infraorbital nerve

Question 58

Drainage pathway for the all the sinuses?

Answer 58

rostal and caudal maxillary sinus share the opening --> space between dorsal and ventral conchi into the middle meatus of the nasal cavity

Question 59

How does the frontoconchal drain?

Answer 59

from the frontal sinus to the caudal maxillary sinus -> space between dorsal and ventral conchi into the middle meatus of the nasal cavity

Question 60

sinus infection in horses?

Answer 60

roots of the cheek teeth (maxillary teeth) stimulates the superior alveolar nerve

Question 61

what sinus can be affected in cattle if you dehorn too late?

Answer 61

frontal sinus as it can grow out into the developing horn

Question 62

What structure would be affected if you were too high up (more dorsal) to the line from the nasoincisive notch and the medial canthus of the eye

Answer 62

the nasolacrimal duct

Question 63

what happens if you hit the nasolacrimal duct?

Answer 63

the tears in the eye wouldnt have a drinage pathway so they would be running down the face

Question 64

whats the role of the stylohyoid bone?

Answer 64

to seperate the medial and lateral compartments of the guttral pouch

Question 65

what is the anchor part of the tongue?

Answer 65

lingual process of basihyoid

Question 66

what cartilage allows adduction and abduction of the vocal cords

Answer 66

arytenoid cartilages rotate on the top of the thyroid cartilage

Question 67

what muscle abducts the vocal cord?

Answer 67

dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle

Question 68

Explain what happens during laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring)

Answer 68

the reccruent larygngeal nerve has become damaged -- happens on the left usually -- maybe be attacked by lymph nodes when the horse is suick which invades the vagas and denervates L recurrent laryngeal branch

Question 69

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve go?

Answer 69

the left recurrent laryngeal nerve reflects off the vagus around the arch of the aorta

Question 70

what happens if you deinnervates the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle

Answer 70

if the muscle is damaged you get an instability to the vocal cords on the side thats affected (becomes floppy/passive)

Question 71

what causes the roaring sound?

Answer 71

when the horse breathes in the vocal fold flaps in the wind which creates the vibration that makes the noise