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Neuro 2019- physiology/ vosko > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

basic functions of neurons

A

To transduce different types of energy of the world into electrochemical energy inside the body (Sensation)
-Afferents

To faithfully carry info (encoded in electrochemical energy) rapidly throughout the body

- Interneurons
- Efferents
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2
Q

afferents do what?

A

Sensation (interoception, exteroception, proprioception)

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3
Q

interneurons do what?

A

Circuit modification (adds properties to synapses)

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4
Q

efferents do what?

A

Motor control (skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

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5
Q

what do we see on a slide of alzheimer neurons?

A

the soma show “tangles” (Neurofibrillary Tangles) and “plaques” (Beta-amyloid Plaques) which are diagnostic of Alzheimer’s disease in the Hippocampus (part of the cerebrum where neuronal changes mediate memory formation)

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6
Q

plaques

A

accumulation of proteins in the neuron that play ar role in neurodegenerative processes

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7
Q

Location and function: neurons, dendrites, synapses

A

gray matter

collect, integrate, transmit information; synthesize macromolecules

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8
Q

Location and function: axons

A

white matter

conduct information

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9
Q

Location and function: oligodendrocytes & schwann cells

A

white matter

form myelin sheaths

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10
Q

Location and function: protoplasmic astrocytes

A

gray matter

provide mechanical and metabolic support, response to injury

also part of the blood-brain barrier

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11
Q

Location and function: fibrous astrocytes

A

white matter

provide mechanical and metabolic support, response to injury

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12
Q

where do we usually find pyramidal cells?

A

cortex

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13
Q

ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles of the brain

Characterized by cilia, are usually cuboidal, move cerebrospinal fluid through the brain
-Together with blood supply and pia mater, make up choroid plexus

Longstanding debate of whether or not they are neural stem cell progenitors
2 important areas:
- Subventricular zone (SVZ)
- Subgranular zone (SGZ)

Different ependymal cell types move cilia at different rates.

  • Dependent on Ca2+
  • Alcohol can slow ciliary movement
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14
Q

choroid plexus

A

ependymal cells + blood supply + pia mater together

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15
Q

what happens at a synapse

A

A single AP triggers opening of v-gated Ca2+ channels, resulting in small vesicle fusion with the terminal membrane, releasing small amounts of small-molecule neurotransmitter into cleft. Vesicles can either stay fused or be recycled in the terminal.

A train of AP’s triggers opening of more v-gated Ca2+ channels, resulting in many small vesicles fusing with the terminal membrane, releasing large amounts of small-molecule neurotransmitter into cleft. Large Dense Core Vesicles may also co-release neuropeptide into the cleft.

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16
Q

Post-synaptic neurons and glia compute the combinatorics of transmitter release

A

Small molecule transmitters bind to post-synaptic ionotropic receptors

Reuptake of unbound transmitter into presynaptic terminal

Reuptake of unbound transmitter by astrocytes

Inactivation of transmitter

Small molecule transmitter or neuropeptides bind to post-synaptic metabotropic receptors

Unbound transmitter can diffuse out of the cleft

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17
Q

synapses are tri-partite

A

Pre-synaptic: transmitter released in “quanta”

Glia- post-synaptic neuron has metabotropic AND ionotropic responses

The quantity of transmitter in the synapse must be tightly controlled.

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18
Q

what does ionotropic mean?

A

it’s a fast action. open up a channel, some current is going to flow through.

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19
Q

metabotropic

A

activates G proteins, take a while (slower)

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20
Q

Multiple Action Potentials Result in more complex post-synaptic signaling

A

Hi frequency action potential stimulation co-releases neuropeptides with small molecule neurotransmitters

Neuropeptides can bind to post-synaptic metabotropic receptors (GPCR’s)
GPCR’s are also used for some small molecules

    - Change conductance
- ↑ or ↓Receptor #
- ↑ or ↓Receptor Opening
    - Activate 2nd messenger cascade
- Alter gene expression

The post-synaptic effects of small molecule neurotransmitters are modulated by the actions of neuropeptides

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21
Q

what is conductance?

A

the permeability of the neuron

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22
Q

neurons speak in

A

electrochemical signals.

electric potential traveling down
calcium channels being the exciting thing at the end that leads to...
neurotransmitter release (chemical)
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23
Q

Amine neurotransmitters

A

Ach,
Catecholamines (DA, NE)
Indolamines (Serotonin 5-HT, melatonin)
Histamine (HIST or HA)

24
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate (Glu)
GABA
Glycine (Gly)

25
another crazy small neurotransmitter
ATP
26
Neuropeptide neurotransmitters
``` Angiotensin II Beta endorphin CCK Corticotropin-releasing factor Enkephalin (ENK) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Orexin (ORX- HCRT) Somatostatin Substance P Many others ```
27
Fast excitatory major transmitters
PNS: aCh (nicotinic receptors) CNS: glutamate ATP (P2X receptors)
28
Fast inhibitory major transmitters
GABA (A)- mostly in the brain | glycine (mostly in the spinal cord)
29
second-messenger effect major transmitters
Catecholamines, serotonin, aCh (muscarinic receptors), glutamate, GABA B, ATP (P2Y receptors), Neuropeptides
30
Acetylcholine
In the central nervous system (CNS) Ach is involved with attention, wakefulness, REM sleep generation In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) Ach is involved with all autonomics, including the postganglionic actions of the parasympathetic branch, as well as the major neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
31
GABA
main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNA GABA actions depend on receptor subtype: GABAA, GABAB GABA A are fast-acting, ionotropic receptors GABA B are metabotropic receptors GABA-ergic actions can also be excitatory in the development of the nervous system—dependent on extracellular Cl- concentrations Most depressants act on the GABA system GABA-ergic interneurons are ALL OVER the CNS. They are needed to modulate circuits
32
Glutamate
the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS Glu acts differently based on receptor subtype: AMPA/KAINATE Typical Glu receptor. Ionotropic. Na+ current flows inside the neuron NMDA “Coincidence detector.” Requires local depolarization by adjacent AMPA/KAINATE receptor currents. Binding of Glu allows Ca2+ to flow into the neuron, which acts as a 2nd messenger Receptor trafficking Gene expression changes mGLUR Metabotropic, lots of varieties, can be inhibitory as well
33
what types of stuff is Glutamatergic signaling involved with
from learning and memory to excitotoxicity synaptic plasticity, potentiation--> learning and memory excitotoxicity- trauma and epilepsy
34
long-term potentiation
neurons that fire together, wire together
35
how to stop seizures?
glutamate antagonist or GABA agonist would be great choices
36
where are the biogenic amines concentrated?
in the reticular formation
37
biogenic amines and what they're involved with
norepinephrine- aroussal dopamine- parkinson's, schizophrenia, addiction, motivation, reward serotonin- mood histamine
38
ATP
acts on both neurons and glia. Fast actions through the P2X Receptor, Slow actions through the P2Y Receptor
39
ADenosine
is a metabolite of ATP, binds to the P1 receptor (makes you feel tired) - caffeine is the best antagonist
40
Anandamide
is the endogenous substance binding to endocannabinoid receptors, which are presynaptic and inhibitory
41
Nitric Oxide
is a gaseous neurotransmitter that diffuses across adjacent cells
42
a special kind of synapse also present here
gap junction
43
different kinds of receptors and what they detect
Chemoreceptors: detect chemicals (odors, tastants) Photoreceptors: detect light Thermoreceptors: detect heat/cold Mechanoreceptors: detect pressure/movement Most diverse Nociceptors: detect noxious/painful things Can be thermo, mechano and chemo
44
labeled line organization
segregating sensory modalities across anatomical pathways (nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, etc.)
45
receptive field
a particular area where a stimulus can elicit the response of a particular sensory receptor (neuron)
46
example of a slow-adapting receptor
a muscle spindle | or anything active all the time
47
rapid-adapting receptor
hair sensory on the arm when a fly lands. If it stays longer than 20 seconds, you stop feeling it.
48
Two-point discrimination
(using a compass to measure how far apart people can sense 2 different stimuli) Ability to discriminate location is reflection of Receptive field size The larger the receptive field size, the less discrimination Number of receptors The greater the # of receptors, the better the discrimination
49
receptor potentials
- Intensity encoded - Similar to graded potential (EPSP etc) Only some produce AP’s (not visual, auditory or vestibular) - These often use Ribbon Synapses, a specialized synapse where there is tonic release of neurotransmitter
50
Generator potentials
when receptor potentials become APs
51
Encapsulated mechanoreceptors
``` layered capsules: pacinian corpuscle (rapid adaptation, vibration) meissner corpuscle (rapid adaptation, touch) ``` Thin capsules: ruffini ending (slow adaptation, pressure)
52
Nonencapsulated mechanoreceptors
accessory structures (endings around hairs- rapid adaptation, touch modality) (merkel endings- slow adaptation, touch modality) Free nerve endings - pain, temperature, itch, touch
53
naming scheme for speed and myelination
A is fast and myelinated C is slow and non myelenated or 1-2-3-4 nomenclature 1 being the fastest
54
free nerve endings
``` Branching terminations of sensory fibers in the skin Not just in skin—throughout body Pain, temp, itch, touch Slowly adapting Huge variety ```
55
Rules affecting conduction velocity
The fatter the axon, the more area it has for ions to flow in, the faster the action potential is regenerated Myelinated axons conduct action potential much faster than unmyelinated axons Saltatory conduction

Neuro 2019- physiology/ vosko (10 decks)

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