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Neuro 2019- physiology/ vosko > Intro to Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Intro to Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Gray matter

A

cell bodies and dendrites, unmyelinated axons (central nervous system)

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2
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons (central nervous system)

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3
Q

Nuclei

A

cell bodies clustered together in the central nervous system

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4
Q

Tracts

A

axons clustered in the central nervous system

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5
Q

Ganglion

A

cell bodies, usually in the peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

nerves

A

Nerves—axons clustered and ensheathed in the peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

White matters: Different names in the CNS

A 
Fasciculus (little bundle)
Funiculus (string)- it's fun, it's the biggest. A gondola going up.
Lemniscus (ribbon)
- Medial 
- Lateral
Peduncle (little foot)
- Cerebral
- Cerebellar
Tract
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8
Q

what do we see in the different planes of orientation of the nervous system?

A

coronal plane- easiest for seeing most nuclei in the brain
horizontal plane- shows ventricular system, basal ganglia, and thalamus well
sagittal plane- cortical landmarks, cerebellum, brainstem and white matter gross anatomy

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9
Q

Cephalic flexure at the thalamus hinges the central nervous system

A

In most species, neural tubes are in one plane.

In humans, during development, the neural tube “bends” between the spinal cord and the brain

Therefore, it is common in the human CNS to substitute Rostral and Caudal for Anterior and Posterior in the brain (although both are used), and Ventral and Dorsal in the spinal cord

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10
Q

Stains: purple stains vs. silver

A

purple– we’ve stained gray matter

silver stains myelin to look black.

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11
Q

Sulci and Gyri

A 
Sulci = Grooves/Crevices/Small Fissures (*Sometimes the word fissure refers to a large sulcus)
Gyri = Ridges
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12
Q

Neocortex vs. Allocortex

A

Neocortex = The ‘newest’ cortex. The cerebral cortex. 6 layers. Large species differences. This is where most development happens across the lifespan. (The lobes in humans)

Allocortex = Older cortex. Includes other parts of cerebrum, including basal ganglia, hippocampus and amygdala

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13
Q

The lobes of the neocortex

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Limbic (means "border." borders the area between the cortex and the lower brain)
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14
Q

4 major sulci and the Pre-occipital notch divide the lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Central Sulcus (Sulcus of Rolando)- separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe.

Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)- separates temporal lobe from everything else

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

Cingulate Sulcus- circular, separates limbic lobe.

Pre-occipital Notch (see this from the laberal surface. delineates the occipital lobe from temporal)

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15
Q

important gyri of the frontal lobe

A 
precentral gyrus
superior frontal gyrus
middle
inferior frontal gyrus
gyrus rectus
orbital gyrus
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16
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex (voluntary motor control)

premotor and supplementary motor cortex (motor planning)

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17
Q

Superior frontal gyrus

A

frontal eye fields (eye tracking)

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18
Q

Inferior frontal gyrus

A

Broca’s Area (speech production)

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19
Q

Gyrus Rectus/ Orbital Gyri

A

olfactory processing

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20
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

executive function, decision-making (can include all 3 of the frontal gyri to some extent)

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21
Q

The Insula/Isle of Reil

A

is at the juncture of 3 lobes

The opercular parts of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes cover the insula, separated by the Circular Sulcus. The insula contains both long and short gyri.

Insula has both limbic and gustatory functions

Think of the words “to like something” and “have a taste for something”

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22
Q

Broca’s Area and Broca’s Aphasia

A

Distinct lesion in the left hemisphere, around the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus

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23
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

primary somatosensory. “Where am I” in the world?H

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24
Q

what is the supramarginal gyrus of the parietal lobe associated with?

A

stereognosis

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25
Q

Angular gyrus functions

A

something to do with language (writing, reading)

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26
Q

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex (somato-sensation)

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27
Q

inferior lobule of the parietal lobe

A 
language comprehension (around border with temp., frontal)
spatial orientation and perception
movement across visual fields ("dorsal stream")
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28
Q

mnemonic for the frontal lobe

A

2 Ms.: Motor and Metacognition

29
Q

hemi-neglect

A

Patients with damage to the right parietal lobe tend to lose all attention to their left hemi-space.

30
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

“What?”

Superior- primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s Area (understanding speech)

Middle
Inferior
Fusiform.

Ventral stream of “what?” (details, including color, in visual processing)

31
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Damage to the superior temporal gyrus (left side) caused patients to present “word salad”
Could not understand speech, but could produce different words and sounds

32
Q

Occipital lobe

A

divided in half by the calcarine sulcus, cuneus and lingual gyrus are on either side

occipitotemporal gyrus

“I see…”

Cuneus:

  • V1 (primary visual cortex)
  • Area 17

V2 (visual association cortex)
- Area 18

Occipital pole = fovea

33
Q

cortical blindness

A

In cortical blindness, patients cannot consciously perceive any visual stimuli, but their eyes are working (somewhat) normally.

from damage to the occipital lobe. Has to be bilateral.

34
Q

Limbic lobe

A

“Life getting you down?”

Cingulate gyrus
- Isthmus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Uncus

the parahippocampal gyrus/uncus areas become the amygdala and hippocampus, medially. These areas are related to memory formation (both) and primitive emotions (amygdala)

35
Q

basal ganglia

A

is ‘subcortical’: Sits in the center of the cerebrum

Chains and sequences of motor activation (problems of tremors and walking with parkinson’s)

comprised of the following structures:

  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • —caudate plus putamen = corpus striatum
  • globus pallidus (pallidum)
  • lentiform nucleus= globus pallidus + putamen
36
Q

Ventricular system

A

The ventricular system provides CSF to the inner structures and surfaces of the brain. It consists of 4 fluid-filled cavities (ventricles) and a number of channels for CSF to flow.

37
Q

caudate nucleus

A

The caudate nucleus sits on top of the rest of the basal ganglia and is part of its processing for fixed action patterns

38
Q

fornix

A

The fornix connects the hippocampus to the septal area and the hypothalamus, linking memories to autonomic and emotional systems

39
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

The cingulate gyrus—isthmus-parahippocampal gyrus—uncus is a continuous “C” that brings in different sensory and judgment-based associations and codes them as memories

40
Q

What are the c-shaped structures from embryologic development of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

ventricular system
caudate nucleus
fornix
cingulate gyrus

41
Q

connection of older and newer brain areas

A

The insula and the basal ganglia are the areas where the diencephalon “meet” the cerebral hemispheres, connecting the older brain areas to the newer

42
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

sensory relay center in the brain

43
Q

What does the subthalamus do?

A

Works with basal ganglia to make fixed action patterns

44
Q

what’s the epithalamus up to?

A

(inc. pineal gland and habenula)

Motivational drives (habenula) and melatonin secretion (pineal)

45
Q

optic chiasm does…

A

Direct afferent input from visual system and CN II

46
Q

what’s the brainstem comprised of

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

47
Q

Tectum

A 
The Tectum (“roof”) exists where there is Cereberal Aqueduct. Therefore, there is a tectum:
-at the midbrain
48
Q

Tegmentum

A

The Tegmentum (“floor”) exists wherever there is IV V or the Cereberal Aqueduct. Therefore, there is a tegmentum:

  • at the open medulla
  • at the pons
  • at the midbrain
49
Q

midbrain is comprised of

A

pretectum, tectum, and tegmentum

50
Q

pretectum of the midbrain

A

The Pretectum (or Pretectal Area) is a visual system target that mediates pupillary dilation

51
Q

tectum of the midbrain includes

A

The superior colliculus receives visual (and other sensory input) and coordinates eye, head and neck movements in response

The inferior colliculus receives auditory information and is necessary for auditory perception

52
Q

Tegmentum of the midbrain

A

Cranial Nerve Nuclei: 3-4 major cranial nerve nuclei sit in the midbrain tegmentum

Reticular formation (messy mesh): Interspersed, poorly organized nuclei with similar neurotransmitters released and/or axonal projections

tegmentum will always have cranial nerve nuclei of interest and reticular formation present.

53
Q

The Pons is comprised of

A

a tegmentum and a basal pons (“basis pontis”)

54
Q

Tegmentum of the pons

A

Cranial Nerve Nuclei: 3-4 major cranial nerve nuclei sit in the pontine tegmentum

Reticular formation: Interspersed, poorly organized nuclei with similar neurotransmitters released and/or axonal projections

55
Q

Basal pons

A

Many descending white matter tracts, as well as tracts traveling between the cortex and cerebellum

56
Q

Medulla

A

has both an open (below 4V) and a closed portion

The tegmentum only exists in the open portion of the medullar

Cranial Nerve Nuclei:4-5 major cranial nerve nuclei sit in the medullary tegmentum and in the closed medulla

Reticular formation: Interspersed, poorly organized nuclei with similar neurotransmitters released and/or axonal projections in both the medullary tegmentum and closed medulla

57
Q

cerebellum

A

is attached to the brainstem by 3 peduncles, has 3 bilateral lobes and bilateral hemispheres

Cerebellar Hemispheres: Largest part of cerebellum, coordinates complex movement, receive proprioceptive input

They are separated by a “vermis” in-between

58
Q

Lobes and peduncles of the cerebellum

A

3 Lobes:
Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

3 Peduncles :
Superior
Middle
Inferior

59
Q

Where do cranial nerves emerge?

A 
Cerebral hemisphere- 1
diencephalon- CN 2
midbrain (2)- CN 3 and 4
Pons (2)- CN5 and 6
Medulla (6)- CN 7,8,9.10,11, 12
60
Q

descending white matter pathways

A 
cerebral hemisphere- cronoa radiata
diencephalon- internal capsule
midbrain- cerebral peduncles/ crus cerebri
pons- basal pons/ basis pontis
medulla- medullary pyramids
61
Q

white matter in the brain nomenclature

A

Association Fibers = pass from one part of a single hemisphere to another

Commissural Fibers = Link matching areas of the two hemispheres

Projection Fibers = Run to subcortical nuclei

62
Q

corpus callosum

A

biggest example of commissural fiber

63
Q

parts of the corpus callosum

A 
rostrum
genu
trunk
isthmus
splenium
64
Q

PNS- CNS communication: sensory

A

Receptor transduces energy into electrochemical signal

Through the peripheral nervous system (spinal nerves or cranial nerves)

65
Q

PNS- CNS communication: motor

A

Electrochemical signal transduced by effector

Through the peripheral nervous system (spinal nerves or cranial nerves)

66
Q

decussation

A

In tactile sensation (ie touch or pain) the axons of the 2˚ neurons will cross over to the opposite side of the central nervous system (CNS) = decussation

Therefore, all conscious, tactile sensory information that enters on one side of the body will be represented in the CNS contralaterally

In the pain (and temperature) pathways, this decussation takes place in the spinal cord

In basic touch pathways, this decussation takes place in the brainstem

67
Q

decussation in touch and pain

A

Both pathways decussate, but at different places within the CNS.
Both pain and basic touch pathways converge at the level of the thalamus
The 2˚ neurons synapse with the 3˚ neurons

  • Damage to the spinal cord fibers (tract) of the pain pathway (which are 2˚ neurons) will cause contralateral symptoms
  • Damage to the spinal cord fibers (tract) of the basic touch pathway (which are primary afferents) will cause ipsilateral symptoms
68
Q

decussation in afferent pathways: unconscious proprioception

A

Information regarding the positioning of muscles, bones and joints feeds into the cerebellum
This is only a 2-neuron chain (only primary and 2˚ neurons)
There is No Decussation (with one exception)
Damage anywhere along this pathway should have ipsilateral symptom presentation

69
Q

decussation in efferent pathways: voluntary motor contol

A

Upper motor neurons (UMNs) originate in the primary motor cortex

This is also a 2-neuron chain
UMN axons descend through the corona, internal capsule, etc. and decussate
LMN’s synapse with the UMN’s in either the brainstem (cranial nerve nuclei) or the spinal cord (ventral horns)

Damage in the cortex would result in contralateral symptom presentation. Damage in the gray matter of the spinal cord would result in ipsilateral symptom presentation

Neuro 2019- physiology/ vosko (10 decks)

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