Neurophysiology Flashcards
Fight or Flight
Sympathetic Nervous System
Rest and Digest
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Adrenergic Neurons release _____
Norepinephrine (Sympa)
This Adrenoreceptor causes smooth muscle contraction
Alpha 1 receptors
Cholinergic Neurons release ______
Acetylcholine (Sympa or Para)
This Adrenoreceptor is seen in the heart and kidneys
Beta 1 Receptors
This Adrenoreceptor Inhibits release of Norepinephrine for presynaptic nerve terminals
Alpha 2 receptors
This Adrenoreceptor causes smooth muscle relaxation
Beta 2 Receptors
It is the Micturition Center, Pneumotaxic,
Apneustic Centers
Pons
It is the Vasomotor Center, Respiratory
Center, Swallowing,
Coughing & Vomiting Centers
Medulla
Sensory receptor for Pain
Nociceptors
Cell body of First order Neurons
Dorsal Root or Cranial Nerve Ganglia
Cell body of Second order Neurons
Spinal cord or brainstem
Cell body of third order Neurons
Relay Nucelus of Thalamus
Cell body of fourth order Neurons
Sensory Cortex
This somatosensory pathway use large myelinated fibers and decussates near the medulla
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway
This somatosensory pathway uses smaller myelinated fibers and decussates immediately
Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tract
Somatosensory pathway for:
* Touch sensations requiring
high degree of localization &
fine gradation of intensity
* Vibration
* Sensations that signal
movement against the skin
* Position Sense and Fine
Pressure
* Two –Point Discrimination
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway
Somatosensory pathway for:
* Pain;
* Temperature Sensation
* Light Touch and Pressure
Sensation
* Tickle and Itch Sensation
* Sexual Sensation
Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tract
This Tactile Receptor encodes sensory for:
* Crude touch,
* temperature and pressure
Free Nerve Endings
This Tactile Receptor encodes sensory for:
* low-frequency
(slow) vibration
Meissner Corpuscles
This Tactile Receptor encodes sensory for:
* Gives steady-state
signals for continuous touch
* Localizes touch
sensation and to
determine texture
Merkel Disc
This Tactile Receptor encodes sensory for:
* Movement of object on skin
Hair-end Organ
This Tactile Receptor encodes sensory for:
* Heavy and prolonged touch
(detects sustained or STEADY
PRESSURE)
Ruffini Corpuscles
This Tactile Receptor encodes sensory for:
* deep pressure
* high-frequency
(fast) vibration
Pacinian Corpuscles
Neurotransmitter for Fast Pain
Glutamate
Neurotransmitter for Slow Pain
Substance P
The ability to bend light
Refractive Power
Refractive power is measured in
Diopters
What is the refractive power of the eye
59 Diopters
2/3 by Cornea (Fixed RP)
1/3 by Lens (Variable RP)
Cutting which structure on the left side causes total blindness in the left eye?
Optic Nerve
Cutting which structure causes blindness in the temporal fields of the left and right eyes?
Optic Chiasm
Cutting which structure on the right-side causes blindness in the temporal field of the left eye and the nasal field of the right eye?
Optic Tract
Sensitive to low-
intensity light
(night vision)
Rods
Sensitive to high-
intensity light
(day, color vision)
Cones
Part of the ear for sound localization and sound collection
Outer Ear
The Three Auditory Ossicles
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
It amplifies asound from llarge tympanic membrane going into smaller window
Auditory Ossicles
Detects angular acceleration
Semicircular Canals
Detects horizontal acceleration
Utricle
Detect Vertical Acceleration
Saccule
