neurophysiology Flashcards
agrammatical and non-fluent speech
normal comprehension
Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia?
Broca’s aphasia
fluent but nonsensical speech
loss of comprehension
Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia?
Wernicke’s aphasia
what type of aphasia can an infarct to inferior branch of MCA cause?
Wernicke’s aphasia
what type of aphasia can an infarct to superior branch of MCA cause?
Broca’s aphasia
where do 2nd order neurons decussate in the DCML tract?
medulla
where do 2nd order neurons decussate in the spinothalamic tract?
a few levels above spinal nerve
lateral medullary syndrome
occlusion of ____ artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar a.
posterior spinal a.
vertebral a.
medial medullary syndrome
occlusion of ____ artery
anterior spinal a.
brown-sequard syndrome would NOT lead to which of the following?
a. ipsilateral loss of vibration and propioception
b. ipsilateral loss of motor
c. ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature
d. contralateral loss of pain and temperature
c. ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature
patient presents with:
1. loss of pain and temp sensation in L side of body
2. loss of motor function in R side of body
which of the following conditions are they most likely to have?
a. cauda equina syndrome
b. brown sequard syndrome
c. anterior cord syndrome
d. posterior cord syndrome
b. brown sequard syndrome
anterior and posterior cord syndrome causes bilateral effects
The cuneate fasciculus of the DCML is responsible for fine touch, vibration and proprioception:
a) Above T6
b) Above C3
c) Below T6
d) Below C4
a. above T6
below T6 –> referring to gracile fasciculus
Deficits in speech comprehension (difficulties in converting thoughts to words) without other neurological deficits is:
a. Bell’s palsy
b. Wernicke’s aphasia
c. Global aphasia
d. Broca’s aphasia
b. Wernicke’s aphasia
(cannot understand speech)
When individual hemispheres of the brain are presented with visual information:
a. The left hemisphere responds to written commands, the right hemisphere only responds to non-verbal stimuli
b. The left hemipshere respond to non-verbal stimuli only
c. The right hemisphere responds to written commands
d. The right hemisphere responds to written commands, the left hemisphere only responds to non-verbal stimuli
a. The left hemisphere responds to written commands, the right hemisphere only responds to non-verbal stimuli
Huizhen survives a Right MCA stroke, which damaged her R motor cortex in the MCA territory. 10 months after the stroke, the doctor notes that she still has motor deficits. Which of the following deficits would be LEAST LIKELY?
a. On passive movement of her L arm, there is increased resistance, especially when moving at high speeds
b. Left ankle clonus
c. Exaggerated L biceps reflex
d. L facial weakness
b. Left ankle clonus (ACA territory)
saccule detects _____ acceleration
vertical
utricle detects ____ acceleration
horizontal
hair cells depolarised if bending is ____ (towards/away from) kinocilium
towards
hair cells hyperpolarise if bending is ___ (towards/away from) kinocilium
away from
what does the macula detect?
- position of head relative to gravity (when not moving) - static equilibrium
- linear acceleration
which semicircular canal involved in rotation in transverse plane?
lateral/horizontal semicircular canal
which semicircular canal involved in rotation in sagittal plane?
anterior/superior semicircular canal
which semicircular canal involved in rotation in coronal plane?
posterior semicircular canal
Which of the following does not apply to the vestibulo-ocular reflex, while rotating the head to the RIGHT?
a. Increased impulses in R CN8 causes increased impulses in L CN6
b. There is reduced activity of the L CN3
c. Keeping your eyes closed inhibits the reflex
d. The R medial longitudinal fasciculus coordinates activity of the L CN6 and the R CN3
c. Keeping your eyes closed inhibits the reflex
reflex relies on vestibular input rather than visual input
which nuclei in hypothalamus controls circadian rhythm?
suprachiasmatic nuclei
effects of melatonin secretion on sleep?
melatonin triggers sleep
which sleep stage takes up 50% the sleep time?
N2 (NREM)
in which stage of sleep does dreaming occur?
REM
which stage of sleep involves the deepest sleep?
N3 (NREM)
how long does one sleep cycle last for?
~90min
in the first few hours of sleep: more time spent in ___ than ____
N3 > REM
in the few hours before waking up, proportion of ____ increases
REM increases
REM > N3
what type of brainwaves are involved in N1 sleep?
theta waves
what type of brainwaves are involved in N3 sleep?
delta waves
Which of the following tracts projects ipsilaterally?
A. Corticospinal tract
B. Lateral vestibulospinal tract
C. Rubrospinal tract
D. Spinothalamic tract
E. Tectospinal tract
B. Lateral vestibulospinal tract
Your patient has no obvious signs of nystagmus, gait or major postural issues. However, on examination you find the following:
Intention tremor right hand (when trying to point to an object)
Dysdiadochokinesia right hand in rapid movements
You suspect that your patient has an issue with which of the following?
a. Ipsilateral cerebellar vermis (anterior lobe)
b. Ipsilateral cerebellar lateral hemisphere
c. Contralateral cerebellar vermis (posterior lobe)
d. Contralateral cerebellar lateral hemisphere
b. Ipsilateral cerebellar lateral hemisphere
lateral zone: motor coordination and planning
Which one of the following is CORRECT about the semicircular canals?
a. They detect rotational movements are primarily at the beginning/end of the movement
b. They detect all rotational movements
c. There are a total of three semicircular canals in the head
d. They detect linear head motion
a. They detect rotational movements are primarily at the beginning/end of the movement
which two muscles are involved in increasing rigidity of ossicular system?
stapedius and tensor tympani
what nerve innervates stapedius muscle?
nerve to stapedius (branch of CNVII)
what nerve innervates tensor tympani?
CNV3
stapedius muscle pulls stapes ____ (outwards/inwards)
outwards
tensor tympani pulls malleus ____ (outwards/inwards)
inwards
what happens at the superior olivary complex?
auditory info from both ears interact for the first time
pitch of sound is dependent on ____ of incoming sound wave
frequency
what happens at inferior colliculus?
auditory info interacts with motor system
loudness of sound is dependent on _____ of incoming sound wave
amplitude
perilymph: high in ___ (Na+/K+) and low in ____ (Na+/K+)
high in Na+ and low in K+
endolymph: high in ___ (Na+/K+) and low in ____ (Na+/K+)
high in K+ and low in Na+
What is the complete audible range for the human ear?
20Hz to 20kHz
which of the following is not a possible cause of sensorineural deafness?
a. injury to CNVIII
b. damage to striae vascularis in cochlea
c. damage to branch of CNVII to stapedius
d. damage to hair cells in cochlea
c. damage to branch of CNVII to stapedius
