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neurological system > neuroanatomy > Flashcards

neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

primary motor
executive function

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2
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory

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3
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

primary auditory

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4
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

primary visual

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5
Q

what is area 44 and 45?

A

Broca’s area

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6
Q

what is area 39 and 40?

A

Wernicke’s area

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7
Q

what is area 4 and its function?

A

primary motor cortex
execution of contralateral side movement

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8
Q

what area is responsible for sensory guided movements?

A

pre-motor cortex (area 6)

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9
Q

which area is responsible for planning of complex movement, associated with internal generation of motor sequences based on memory?

A

SMA proper

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10
Q

which area is responsible for acquiring new motor sequences?

A

pre-SMA

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11
Q

where does the primary auditory cortex receive input from?

A

medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus

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12
Q

what is arcuate fasciculus?

A

bi-directional white matter tract connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

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13
Q

where does the primary visual cortex receive input from?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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14
Q

remember: optic tracts carry fibres of ipsilateral medial visual field and contralateral lateral visual field

A
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15
Q

what visual field deficit does Meyer’s loop lesion (temporal lobe) cause?

A

homonymous superior quadrantanopia

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16
Q

which lobe is Broca’s area located in?

A

frontal lobe

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17
Q

which lobe is Wernicke’s area located in?

A

temporal-parietal lobe

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18
Q

which part of the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex located in?

A

pre-central gyrus

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19
Q

which part of the parietal lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex located in?

A

post-central gyrus

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20
Q

what visual field deficit does Baum’s loop lesion (parietal lobe) cause?

A

homonymous inferior quadrantanopia

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21
Q

what does anterior circulation of circle of willis supply?

A

forebrain except occipital lobe and inferior portion of temporal lobe

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22
Q

what does posterior circulation of circle of willis supply?

A

occipital lobe and inferior portion of temporal lobe

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23
Q

what does rupture of Berry’s aneurysm lead to?

A

subarachnoid haemorrhage

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24
Q

what is the most commonly involved artery in stroke?

A

middle cerebral artery

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25
Q

how will occlusion of anterior cerebral artery affect motor and sensory function?

A

decreased motor (hemiparesis) and sensory (hemisensory loss) function of lower aspect of body (eg. legs)

26
Q

how will occlusion of middle cerebral artery affect motor and sensory function?

A

contralateral upper limb and face hemiparesis and hemisensory loss

27
Q

what visual field deficit would occlusion of posterior cerebral artery at occipital lobe cause?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing

28
Q

what is the internal capsule?

A

white matter tract containing projection fibres connecting cerebral cortex and brainstem and spinal cord

29
Q

what tract runs through genu of internal capsule?

A

corticobulbar tract

30
Q

which two layers are dural venous sinus between?

A

endosteal and meningeal layer of dura mater

31
Q

what sinuses join at the confluence of sinuses?

A

superior sagittal, straight, transverse, occipital

32
Q

what 2 sinuses join at straight sinus?

A

inferior sagittal and great vein of Galen

33
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

choroid plexus in ventricles

34
Q

what are the contents of CSF?

A

protein, glucose, small amount of lymphocytes

35
Q

56M present to ED with:
- complete hemiplegia of L arm and L leg with L sided facial droop
- 0/5 power on L side of body
- R side remains unaffected
- CN exam unremarkable
- no deficits in vision and speech

assuming this was a stroke, which artery was affected?

a. R MCA
b. L MCA
c. Lenticulostriate branches
d. R superior cerebellar a.
e. R anterior inferior cerebellar a.

A

c. Lenticulostriate branches

lacunar stroke
- pure sensory-motor deficit without cortical signs (higher mental function)

36
Q

which CN exits brainstem posteriorly?

A

CNIV (trochlear)

37
Q

which CN exits from lateral surface of pons?

A

CNV (trigeminal)

38
Q

what Sx would lesion in the vermis of cerebellum cause?

A

truncal ataxia
broad based gait
postural sway

39
Q

what Sx would lesion in intermediate zone of cerebellum cause?

A

limb ataxia
unsteady gait towards side of lesion

40
Q

which zone of cerebellum is involved in motor planning and coordination?
a. vermis
b. intermediate zone
c. lateral zone

A

lateral zone

41
Q

the lenticulostriate arteries supply: (multi select)

a. putamen
b. caudate nucleus
c. globus pallidus (internal and external)
d. subthalamic nucleus

A

a, b, c

42
Q

what vascular structure is most at risk in a cerebellar pontine tumour?

a. verterbral a.
b. middle cerebral a.
c. posterior inferior cerebellar a.
d. anterior inferior cerebellar a.

A

d. anterior inferior cerebellar artery

43
Q

which part of cerebellum is involved in control of ongoing limb movements (make changes, correct errors) by modulating descending motor commands?

A

spinocerebellum (vermis + intermediate zone)

44
Q

which is the function of vestibulocerebellum?

A
  1. balance and posture during standing and locomotion
  2. gait, eye reflex movements
45
Q

what is the function of cerebrocerebellum?

A
  1. acquire and modify new movements
  2. refine movements that are already learned
  3. planning and mental rehearsal of complex movements
  4. maintain tone of ipsilateral limb
46
Q

signs of cerebellar lesion (DANISH)

A

Dysdiadochokinesis
Ataxia without weakness
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia

47
Q

what structure is the most dorsal portion of diencephalon and forms the roof of third ventricle?

A

pineal gland

48
Q

what is the function of pineal gland?

A

secretes melatonin (sleep-inducing)

49
Q

what is the function of hippocampus?

A

centre for memory formation

50
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit in relation to optic chiasm and mamillary bodies?

A

inferior to optic chiasm
between optic chiasm and mamillary bodies

51
Q

the fasciculus gracilis of DCML carries signals from ____ and ____

A

lower limb and trunk

52
Q

the fasciculus cuneatus of DCML carries signals from ____

A

upper limb

53
Q

which artery lesion is most likely to produce weakness and loss of sensation in lower limbs?

a. ACA
b. PCA
c. PICA
d. MCA
e. lacunar
f. pontine arteries

A

a. ACA

54
Q

what does the septum pellucidum separate?

A

lateral ventricles

55
Q

which embryonic layer develops in to the nervous system?

A

ectoderm

56
Q

54M –> abrupt occurrence of gait, postural imbalance, dizziness and nausea.
Regarding vascular risk factors, mild hypertension and cigarette smoking were present.

Neurological examination:
1. gait ataxia with falling to the L side
2. vertical nystagmus on downward gaze
3. impairment of thermal and pain sense over the L hand, forearm
4. loss of pain and temperature over R side of face and forehead.
5. Paralysis of right R laryngeal muscles

A lesion affecting which of the following blood vessels would cause the above manifestations?

a. ACA
b. AICA
c. ASA
d. PICA
e. SCA

A

d. PICA

Dx: lateral medullary syndrome

  1. damage to spinocerebellar tract
  2. damage to vestibular nuclei of CN VIII
  3. damage to spinothalamic tract
  4. damage to sensory nucleus of CNV
  5. damage to nucleus ambiguous of CN X
57
Q

where is the epithalamus located?

A

roof of third ventricle

58
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete and where is it located?

A

melatonin
in the epithalamus

59
Q

nerve providing sensation to nasopharynx

A

maxillary nerve (CNV2)

60
Q

nerve providing sensation to oropharynx

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

61
Q

nerve providing sensation to laryngopharynx

A

vague nerve (CNX)

62
Q

which of the following cranial nerves has the longest intracranial course?

a. oculomotor nerve
b. optic nerve
c. trochlear nerve
d. abducens nerve

A

c. trochlear nerve

neurological system (10 decks)

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