neuroanatomy Flashcards
function of frontal lobe
primary motor
executive function
function of parietal lobe
primary somatosensory
function of temporal lobe
primary auditory
function of occipital lobe
primary visual
what is area 44 and 45?
Broca’s area
what is area 39 and 40?
Wernicke’s area
what is area 4 and its function?
primary motor cortex
execution of contralateral side movement
what area is responsible for sensory guided movements?
pre-motor cortex (area 6)
which area is responsible for planning of complex movement, associated with internal generation of motor sequences based on memory?
SMA proper
which area is responsible for acquiring new motor sequences?
pre-SMA
where does the primary auditory cortex receive input from?
medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus
what is arcuate fasciculus?
bi-directional white matter tract connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
where does the primary visual cortex receive input from?
lateral geniculate nucleus
remember: optic tracts carry fibres of ipsilateral medial visual field and contralateral lateral visual field
what visual field deficit does Meyer’s loop lesion (temporal lobe) cause?
homonymous superior quadrantanopia
which lobe is Broca’s area located in?
frontal lobe
which lobe is Wernicke’s area located in?
temporal-parietal lobe
which part of the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex located in?
pre-central gyrus
which part of the parietal lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex located in?
post-central gyrus
what visual field deficit does Baum’s loop lesion (parietal lobe) cause?
homonymous inferior quadrantanopia
what does anterior circulation of circle of willis supply?
forebrain except occipital lobe and inferior portion of temporal lobe
what does posterior circulation of circle of willis supply?
occipital lobe and inferior portion of temporal lobe
what does rupture of Berry’s aneurysm lead to?
subarachnoid haemorrhage
what is the most commonly involved artery in stroke?
middle cerebral artery
how will occlusion of anterior cerebral artery affect motor and sensory function?
decreased motor (hemiparesis) and sensory (hemisensory loss) function of lower aspect of body (eg. legs)
how will occlusion of middle cerebral artery affect motor and sensory function?
contralateral upper limb and face hemiparesis and hemisensory loss
what visual field deficit would occlusion of posterior cerebral artery at occipital lobe cause?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
what is the internal capsule?
white matter tract containing projection fibres connecting cerebral cortex and brainstem and spinal cord
what tract runs through genu of internal capsule?
corticobulbar tract
which two layers are dural venous sinus between?
endosteal and meningeal layer of dura mater
what sinuses join at the confluence of sinuses?
superior sagittal, straight, transverse, occipital
what 2 sinuses join at straight sinus?
inferior sagittal and great vein of Galen
where is CSF produced?
choroid plexus in ventricles
what are the contents of CSF?
protein, glucose, small amount of lymphocytes
56M present to ED with:
- complete hemiplegia of L arm and L leg with L sided facial droop
- 0/5 power on L side of body
- R side remains unaffected
- CN exam unremarkable
- no deficits in vision and speech
assuming this was a stroke, which artery was affected?
a. R MCA
b. L MCA
c. Lenticulostriate branches
d. R superior cerebellar a.
e. R anterior inferior cerebellar a.
c. Lenticulostriate branches
lacunar stroke
- pure sensory-motor deficit without cortical signs (higher mental function)
which CN exits brainstem posteriorly?
CNIV (trochlear)
which CN exits from lateral surface of pons?
CNV (trigeminal)
what Sx would lesion in the vermis of cerebellum cause?
truncal ataxia
broad based gait
postural sway
what Sx would lesion in intermediate zone of cerebellum cause?
limb ataxia
unsteady gait towards side of lesion
which zone of cerebellum is involved in motor planning and coordination?
a. vermis
b. intermediate zone
c. lateral zone
lateral zone
the lenticulostriate arteries supply: (multi select)
a. putamen
b. caudate nucleus
c. globus pallidus (internal and external)
d. subthalamic nucleus
a, b, c
what vascular structure is most at risk in a cerebellar pontine tumour?
a. verterbral a.
b. middle cerebral a.
c. posterior inferior cerebellar a.
d. anterior inferior cerebellar a.
d. anterior inferior cerebellar artery
which part of cerebellum is involved in control of ongoing limb movements (make changes, correct errors) by modulating descending motor commands?
spinocerebellum (vermis + intermediate zone)
which is the function of vestibulocerebellum?
- balance and posture during standing and locomotion
- gait, eye reflex movements
what is the function of cerebrocerebellum?
- acquire and modify new movements
- refine movements that are already learned
- planning and mental rehearsal of complex movements
- maintain tone of ipsilateral limb
signs of cerebellar lesion (DANISH)
Dysdiadochokinesis
Ataxia without weakness
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia
what structure is the most dorsal portion of diencephalon and forms the roof of third ventricle?
pineal gland
what is the function of pineal gland?
secretes melatonin (sleep-inducing)
what is the function of hippocampus?
centre for memory formation
where does the pituitary gland sit in relation to optic chiasm and mamillary bodies?
inferior to optic chiasm
between optic chiasm and mamillary bodies
the fasciculus gracilis of DCML carries signals from ____ and ____
lower limb and trunk
the fasciculus cuneatus of DCML carries signals from ____
upper limb
which artery lesion is most likely to produce weakness and loss of sensation in lower limbs?
a. ACA
b. PCA
c. PICA
d. MCA
e. lacunar
f. pontine arteries
a. ACA
what does the septum pellucidum separate?
lateral ventricles
which embryonic layer develops in to the nervous system?
ectoderm
54M –> abrupt occurrence of gait, postural imbalance, dizziness and nausea.
Regarding vascular risk factors, mild hypertension and cigarette smoking were present.
Neurological examination:
1. gait ataxia with falling to the L side
2. vertical nystagmus on downward gaze
3. impairment of thermal and pain sense over the L hand, forearm
4. loss of pain and temperature over R side of face and forehead.
5. Paralysis of right R laryngeal muscles
A lesion affecting which of the following blood vessels would cause the above manifestations?
a. ACA
b. AICA
c. ASA
d. PICA
e. SCA
d. PICA
Dx: lateral medullary syndrome
- damage to spinocerebellar tract
- damage to vestibular nuclei of CN VIII
- damage to spinothalamic tract
- damage to sensory nucleus of CNV
- damage to nucleus ambiguous of CN X
where is the epithalamus located?
roof of third ventricle
what does the pineal gland secrete and where is it located?
melatonin
in the epithalamus
nerve providing sensation to nasopharynx
maxillary nerve (CNV2)
nerve providing sensation to oropharynx
glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
nerve providing sensation to laryngopharynx
vague nerve (CNX)
which of the following cranial nerves has the longest intracranial course?
a. oculomotor nerve
b. optic nerve
c. trochlear nerve
d. abducens nerve
c. trochlear nerve
