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BMS test 2 > NeuroPhys 1 > Flashcards

NeuroPhys 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is white matter?

A

collections of myelinated axons in the CNS

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2
Q

what is myelin?

A

a multi-layer lipid coat that insulates axons
- formed by specialized glial cells in the PNS and CNS
- increases the velocity signal transmission along an axon

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3
Q

what is grey matter?

A

areas of the CNS that have relatively few myelinated axons

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4
Q

what is tract?

A

a collection of axons in the CNS

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5
Q

what is nerve?

A

a collection of axons in the PNS

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6
Q

the longer an axon is the more…

A

crucial the information it carries and the more likely that it will be myelinated

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7
Q

differences of PNS and CNS

A
  • different cells populate the PNS
  • axons/nerves in the PNS can sometimes regenerate after damage, does not happen in the CNS
  • PNS is less isolated than CNS (immune system are allowed to enter and exit the PNS more freely)
  • fewer neuronal cell bodies in the PNS vs in the CNS
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8
Q

what is a ganglia

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

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9
Q

what is the nuclei

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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10
Q

glial cell types:

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
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11
Q

what is the most numerous cells in the CNS, and highest numbers in the grey matter?

A

astrocytes

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12
Q

what is the critical roles of astrocytes in the CNS?

A
  • facilitate the formation and strengthening of synapses (neuroplasticity)
  • regulate the concentration of ions in the interstitial fluid
  • structural support for the bran
  • barrier functions - induce the formation of the BBB
  • “feed” neurons - help extract nutrients from the blood, provide nutrients to neurons to support energy metabolism
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13
Q

astrocytes are connected to each via what?

A

gap junctions

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14
Q

what is synctium?

A

the network of small tunnel that connect the intracellular fluid of astrocytes in the gap junctions

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15
Q

what does oligodendrocytes do?

A

each process wraps around the axon of a CNS neuron many times, “sheathing” the axon in myelin

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16
Q

what is myelin sheath?

A

compacted layers of cell membrane rich in sphingolipids that have very little cytosol

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17
Q

function of myelin?

A
  • increases the speed with which an action potential moves down an axon
  • reduces the energy consumed by movement of an action potential down an axon - more efficient signaling
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18
Q

what are microglial cells?

A

small bodied glial cells that:
- remove cellular debris (phagocytosis)
- monitor the environment and fight pathogens
- if the pathogen cannot be eliminated by resident microglia, they call in other WBC through secretion of soluble factors and can present antigen to other immune cells

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19
Q

microglial cells derived from what?

A

blood-borne immune cells (monocytes) that migrate into the CNS

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20
Q

the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by what?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

CSF is what?

A

a specialized fluid from the choroid plexus

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22
Q

explain the CSF circulation

A

produced in the flood of the lateral ventricle by the choroid plexus, moves to 3rd ventricle and then 4th ventricle -> circulate into the subarachnoid space and down the spinal cord. Eventually absorbed by specialized structures known as arachnoid granulations

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23
Q

what drives the movement of CSF

A

movement of cilia

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24
Q

the ependymal cells that line the ventricles are what?

A

ciliated

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25
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

the barrier between the CNS and the bloodstream

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26
Q

what are endfeet

A

structures on the astrocytes that help them contact capillaries in the CSF
- also tell capillaries what to transport into the CNS tissue

27
Q

what is the epineurium

A

strong, fibrous connective tissue covering that surround each nerve

28
Q

what is the vasa nervorum?

A

blood vessels that run within the epineurium

29
Q

what is the perineurium?

A

surrounds bundles of axons known as fascicles
- is formed by fibroblast-like cells aranged in sheets 2-6 cells thick
- have tight junctions between these cells so it regulates what get in and out of the fascicle

30
Q

what is endoneurium?

A

the delicate connective tissue layer that surrounds indidivual axons

31
Q

what is the blood-nerve barrier

A

barrier 1 - the cells of the perineurium and the tight junctions between them
barrier 2 - the endothelial cells that line that capillaries within the fascicles also express many tight junctions

32
Q

the WBC more permissive into the BBB or BNB

A

BNB

33
Q

what are the glial cells of the PNS

A
  • Schwann cells
  • satellite cells
34
Q

what are schwann cells

A

provide the myelin sheath for axons within fascicles

35
Q

how does the schwann cell differs from oligogendrocytes

A

for schwann cells - one cell only myelinates one axon

36
Q

what are satellite cells

A

surround, protect, and nourish neuronal cell bodies located in ganglia

37
Q

what are dendrites?

A

dendrites are the “input” area of the neuron

38
Q

what is the morphologic relationship between the dendritic spine with the axon terminal?

A

can influence the effectiveness of the synapse

39
Q

dendritic spine maturation makes the synapse what

A

more effective

40
Q

what is the site of protein synthesis for the neuron

A

neuronal cell body (soma)

41
Q

what is the nissl substance?

A

basophilic area nearby the nucleus composed of lots of free ribosomes and rER

42
Q

what are neurofilaments?

A

intermediate filaments that are more concentrated in axons - provide structural stability for neuronal processes

43
Q

what is the action potential?

A

rapid depolarization of the cell membrane generated by particular ion channels in a positive feedback fashion

44
Q

myelin sheaths are separated by myelin-free segments known as?

A

nodes of ranvier

45
Q

what are pseudo-unipolar neurons

A

these neurons have a distal process that either interacts with a sensory receptor or serves as a sensor receptor
it also have a proximal process synapses in the CNS
the process that connects A to B behaves as an axon and conducts action potentials
- typical of dorsal root ganglion cells - somatic sensation

46
Q

what are bipolar neurons

A

○ These neurons have a distal process (A) that acts as a dendrite - it either serves as a sensory receptor or interacts with a sensory receptor
○ The proximal process synapses in the CNS - it is an axon and conducts action potentials (B)
○ Typical of neurons that detect the special senses - vision, hearing, smell

47
Q

what are multipolar neurons?

A

○ Most common neurons
○ Dendrites receive information from other neurons via synaptic terminals
○ The cell body summates and integrates this information
○ The axon carries action potentials to
§ Other neurons
§ Glands
§ Muscle tissue
○ Typical of all interneurons and somatic motor neurons

48
Q

what are afferent nerves?

A

nevers that carry (sensory) information to the CNS

49
Q

what are the cranial nerve afferents:

A

special senses: CN I, II, VII, VIII, IX, X
somatic sense: mostly CN V
Visceral sensory: CN IX and X , baroreceptors, visceral sensation from most of the alimentary tract, lungs, heart

50
Q

what are the steps of sensation

A
  1. detection of a physical/chemical stimulus by some type of receptor
  2. transduction - transforming the physical stimulus into an electrical impulse that can be carried along an axon
  3. other neurons at various levels of the CNS can detect the electrical impulse and modify its intensity and route the signal to various CNS location
  4. perception - conscious awareness of the sensation - this occurs at the level of the cortex
51
Q

what are the afferents that ascend through the spinal cord?

A

somatic sensation and visceral sensation

52
Q

after sensory input is integrated what happens?

A

usually a motor response occurs

53
Q

motor system

A

a motor neuron synapses with some sort of effector so that it can activate it when the neuron is excited

54
Q

what is excitation

A

multiple electrical signals travelling down the axon

55
Q

what are some examples of effectors?

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, glands

56
Q

what are efferents?

A

neurons that carry information from the CNS to the PNS

57
Q

what are somatic motor efferents?

A

control of skeletal muscles

58
Q

what cranial nerves are in charge of facial movments

A

CN VII, V, XI

59
Q

what are the cranial nerves responsible for tongue and swallowing?

A

CN IX, X, XII

60
Q

what are the cranial nerves responsible for movement of the eyes?

A

CN III, IV, VI

61
Q

visceral motor efferents - cranial nerve PaNS
CN X
CN III
CN VII, IX
?

A

CN X - PaNS control for the heart, lungs, majority of the GI system
CN III - PaNS control over pupillary muscles
CN VII, IX - PaNS control over salivary, tear glands

62
Q

the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight
○ Increases heart rate and cardiac output
○ Improves ventilation
○ Decreases digestive function
○ Increases glucose availability (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis)
○ Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles, heart
○ Decreases blood flow to GI tract, skin, kidneys
○ Major hormones/neurotransmitters: epinephrine and norepinephrine

63
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

rest and digest
○ Decreases heart rate and cardiac output
○ Bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion
○ Increases digestive function and GI motility
○ Increases blood flow to digestive tract
○ Major neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

64
Q

the 2 paths of parasympathetic nervous system

A

vagus nerve - all of the visceral efferents up to the proximal large bowel and sacral nerve - all of the visceral efferents to the rest of the large bowel, kidney, reproductive organs

BMS test 2 (11 decks)

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