Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BMS test 2 > NeuroPhys 1 > Flashcards

NeuroPhys 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is white matter?

A

collections of myelinated axons in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is myelin?

A

a multi-layer lipid coat that insulates axons
- formed by specialized glial cells in the PNS and CNS
- increases the velocity signal transmission along an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is grey matter?

A

areas of the CNS that have relatively few myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is tract?

A

a collection of axons in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is nerve?

A

a collection of axons in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the longer an axon is the more…

A

crucial the information it carries and the more likely that it will be myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

differences of PNS and CNS

A
  • different cells populate the PNS
  • axons/nerves in the PNS can sometimes regenerate after damage, does not happen in the CNS
  • PNS is less isolated than CNS (immune system are allowed to enter and exit the PNS more freely)
  • fewer neuronal cell bodies in the PNS vs in the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a ganglia

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the nuclei

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

glial cell types:

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the most numerous cells in the CNS, and highest numbers in the grey matter?

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the critical roles of astrocytes in the CNS?

A
  • facilitate the formation and strengthening of synapses (neuroplasticity)
  • regulate the concentration of ions in the interstitial fluid
  • structural support for the bran
  • barrier functions - induce the formation of the BBB
  • “feed” neurons - help extract nutrients from the blood, provide nutrients to neurons to support energy metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

astrocytes are connected to each via what?

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is synctium?

A

the network of small tunnel that connect the intracellular fluid of astrocytes in the gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does oligodendrocytes do?

A

each process wraps around the axon of a CNS neuron many times, “sheathing” the axon in myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is myelin sheath?

A

compacted layers of cell membrane rich in sphingolipids that have very little cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of myelin?

A
  • increases the speed with which an action potential moves down an axon
  • reduces the energy consumed by movement of an action potential down an axon - more efficient signaling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are microglial cells?

A

small bodied glial cells that:
- remove cellular debris (phagocytosis)
- monitor the environment and fight pathogens
- if the pathogen cannot be eliminated by resident microglia, they call in other WBC through secretion of soluble factors and can present antigen to other immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

microglial cells derived from what?

A

blood-borne immune cells (monocytes) that migrate into the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by what?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CSF is what?

A

a specialized fluid from the choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

explain the CSF circulation

A

produced in the flood of the lateral ventricle by the choroid plexus, moves to 3rd ventricle and then 4th ventricle -> circulate into the subarachnoid space and down the spinal cord. Eventually absorbed by specialized structures known as arachnoid granulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what drives the movement of CSF

A

movement of cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the ependymal cells that line the ventricles are what?

A

ciliated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the blood brain barrier
the barrier between the CNS and the bloodstream
26
what are endfeet
structures on the astrocytes that help them contact capillaries in the CSF - also tell capillaries what to transport into the CNS tissue
27
what is the epineurium
strong, fibrous connective tissue covering that surround each nerve
28
what is the vasa nervorum?
blood vessels that run within the epineurium
29
what is the perineurium?
surrounds bundles of axons known as fascicles - is formed by fibroblast-like cells aranged in sheets 2-6 cells thick - have tight junctions between these cells so it regulates what get in and out of the fascicle
30
what is endoneurium?
the delicate connective tissue layer that surrounds indidivual axons
31
what is the blood-nerve barrier
barrier 1 - the cells of the perineurium and the tight junctions between them barrier 2 - the endothelial cells that line that capillaries within the fascicles also express many tight junctions
32
the WBC more permissive into the BBB or BNB
BNB
33
what are the glial cells of the PNS
- Schwann cells - satellite cells
34
what are schwann cells
provide the myelin sheath for axons within fascicles
35
how does the schwann cell differs from oligogendrocytes
for schwann cells - one cell only myelinates one axon
36
what are satellite cells
surround, protect, and nourish neuronal cell bodies located in ganglia
37
what are dendrites?
dendrites are the "input" area of the neuron
38
what is the morphologic relationship between the dendritic spine with the axon terminal?
can influence the effectiveness of the synapse
39
dendritic spine maturation makes the synapse what
more effective
40
what is the site of protein synthesis for the neuron
neuronal cell body (soma)
41
what is the nissl substance?
basophilic area nearby the nucleus composed of lots of free ribosomes and rER
42
what are neurofilaments?
intermediate filaments that are more concentrated in axons - provide structural stability for neuronal processes
43
what is the action potential?
rapid depolarization of the cell membrane generated by particular ion channels in a positive feedback fashion
44
myelin sheaths are separated by myelin-free segments known as?
nodes of ranvier
45
what are pseudo-unipolar neurons
these neurons have a distal process that either interacts with a sensory receptor or serves as a sensor receptor it also have a proximal process synapses in the CNS the process that connects A to B behaves as an axon and conducts action potentials - typical of dorsal root ganglion cells - somatic sensation
46
what are bipolar neurons
○ These neurons have a distal process (A) that acts as a dendrite - it either serves as a sensory receptor or interacts with a sensory receptor ○ The proximal process synapses in the CNS - it is an axon and conducts action potentials (B) ○ Typical of neurons that detect the special senses - vision, hearing, smell
47
what are multipolar neurons?
○ Most common neurons ○ Dendrites receive information from other neurons via synaptic terminals ○ The cell body summates and integrates this information ○ The axon carries action potentials to § Other neurons § Glands § Muscle tissue ○ Typical of all interneurons and somatic motor neurons
48
what are afferent nerves?
nevers that carry (sensory) information to the CNS
49
what are the cranial nerve afferents:
special senses: CN I, II, VII, VIII, IX, X somatic sense: mostly CN V Visceral sensory: CN IX and X , baroreceptors, visceral sensation from most of the alimentary tract, lungs, heart
50
what are the steps of sensation
1. detection of a physical/chemical stimulus by some type of receptor 2. transduction - transforming the physical stimulus into an electrical impulse that can be carried along an axon 3. other neurons at various levels of the CNS can detect the electrical impulse and modify its intensity and route the signal to various CNS location 4. perception - conscious awareness of the sensation - this occurs at the level of the cortex
51
what are the afferents that ascend through the spinal cord?
somatic sensation and visceral sensation
52
after sensory input is integrated what happens?
usually a motor response occurs
53
motor system
a motor neuron synapses with some sort of effector so that it can activate it when the neuron is excited
54
what is excitation
multiple electrical signals travelling down the axon
55
what are some examples of effectors?
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, glands
56
what are efferents?
neurons that carry information from the CNS to the PNS
57
what are somatic motor efferents?
control of skeletal muscles
58
what cranial nerves are in charge of facial movments
CN VII, V, XI
59
what are the cranial nerves responsible for tongue and swallowing?
CN IX, X, XII
60
what are the cranial nerves responsible for movement of the eyes?
CN III, IV, VI
61
visceral motor efferents - cranial nerve PaNS CN X CN III CN VII, IX ?
CN X - PaNS control for the heart, lungs, majority of the GI system CN III - PaNS control over pupillary muscles CN VII, IX - PaNS control over salivary, tear glands
62
the sympathetic nervous system?
fight or flight ○ Increases heart rate and cardiac output ○ Improves ventilation ○ Decreases digestive function ○ Increases glucose availability (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis) ○ Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles, heart ○ Decreases blood flow to GI tract, skin, kidneys ○ Major hormones/neurotransmitters: epinephrine and norepinephrine
63
the parasympathetic nervous system?
rest and digest ○ Decreases heart rate and cardiac output ○ Bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion ○ Increases digestive function and GI motility ○ Increases blood flow to digestive tract ○ Major neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
64
the 2 paths of parasympathetic nervous system
vagus nerve - all of the visceral efferents up to the proximal large bowel and sacral nerve - all of the visceral efferents to the rest of the large bowel, kidney, reproductive organs

BMS test 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions