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BMS test 2 > Clin Phys 8 - GI Tract > Flashcards

Clin Phys 8 - GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A

tubular structure that makes direct contact with food and has a typical set of histologic layers that surround a lumen

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2
Q

what is the alimentary canal composed of?

A
  • oral cavity and pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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3
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver and gall bladder
  • pancreas
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4
Q

what do accessory digestive organs do?

A

they secrete substances into the alimentary canal

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5
Q

what does the alimentary canal do?

A

-propulsion: move food along
- secretion: hormones
- digestion
- absorption
- immune function

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6
Q

what are the layers of the alimentary canal

A
  • mucosa
  • muscularis mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • outer layer -adventita or serosa
  • peritoneal cavity
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7
Q

explain what is in the mucosa layer

A

epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

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8
Q

lamina propria is the site of:

A

blood, lymphatic vessels, and immune tissue

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9
Q

what does muscularis mucosa do?

A

alters the shape of the mucosa to optimize mixing and exposure of the epithelial cells to lumen contents

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10
Q

what is the submucosa?

A

loose CT with larger blood vessels and lymphatics

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11
Q

there is a plexus of neurons in the submucosa known as?

A

Meissner’s plexus which regulate secretions and convey sensory info about what’s in the lumen

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12
Q

how many layers are there for the muscularis?

A

inner and outer layer

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13
Q

explain the inner layer of the muscularis?

A

“circular layer” - smooth muscle fibres concentrically surround the lumen , when it contracts, it “squeezes” the lumen shut

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14
Q

explain the outer layer of the muscularis?

A

“longitudinal layer” - smooth muscle fibres run along the length of the canal and when it contracts, it “shortens” the canal

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15
Q

what is the plexus called in the muscularis?

A

Auerbach or myenteric plexus - regulates the movements of these muscular layers

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16
Q

what is in the outer layer

A

adventita or serosa

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17
Q

explain adventitia

A

in the esophagus - connective tissue that anchors the esophagus in the chest cavity

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18
Q

explain serosa

A

loose connective tissue that is covered by a simple squamous mesothelium

19
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity?

A

fluid filled gap between the wall of the abdomen and the organs contained within the abdomen

20
Q

what is the esophagus?

A

tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach, only role is propulsion of food to the stomach

21
Q

what is the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

when it closes, it pushes food from the pharynx to the esophagus

22
Q

what is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

limits movement of stomach acid into the esophagus -> relaxes to receive swallowed food

23
Q

what happens in the stomach?

A

muscular movements accomplish mechanical digestion and propulsion into the small intestine
- also a role in chemical digestion , acid denatures proteins and kills ingested bacteria and secreted enzymes help to digest protein

24
Q

what is the stomach’s role in regulating food intake?

A

the stomach tells you when you’re full

25
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter?

A

regulates the amount of acidic chyme that enters the duodenum

26
Q

what is the main digestive organ in the body?

A

small intestine

27
Q

what are the 3 separate components of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
28
Q

the small intestine also have…

A

highly folded epithelium 9microvilli), mucosa (villi), and submucosal layers (circular folds) meant to optimize surface area

29
Q

what is the main function of the large intestine?

A

absorption of water from stool, storage of stool, and housing the majority of the microbes in the gut

30
Q

what are the roles of the liver?

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Protein synthesis and degradation
    ○ Most proteins secreted into the bloodstream are from the liver
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Detoxification of molecules so that they can be secreted into the bile and defecated
  • Making hydrophobic molecules water soluble so that they can be eliminated by the kidney
  • Storage of vitamins and minerals
  • Synthesis of bile - essential for lipid digestion
  • Endocrine - secretion of IGF-1, important hormone regulating growth
31
Q

what is the role of the gall bladder?

A

storage and modification of bile

32
Q

pancreas: exocrine

A

secretes digestive enzymes that are crucial for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid chemical digestions
○ These enzymes are secreted into the pancreatic duct, which drains into the duodenum

33
Q

pancreas: endocrine

A

secretes hormones that impact glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism into the bloodstream
○ Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

34
Q

explain bowel sounds increased (hyperactive)

A

○ Diarrhea, gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, laxative use, gastrointestinal bleed
○ Or early bowel obstruction (often described as a high-pitched “tinkling”sound

35
Q

explain bowel sounds decreased (hypoactive)

A

○ Often suggests more emergent conditions
○ Bowel obstruction, peritonitis, intestinal ischemia

36
Q

what does tenderness main during an abdominal physical exam

A

pain in a region where you palpate

37
Q

what is guarding

A

voluntary contraction of the abdominal musculature due to abdominal discomfort

38
Q

what is rigidity

A

involuntary contraction of the abdominal musculature, usually accompanied by severe pain

39
Q

what if you have abdominal pain in the 3 areas in teh centre

A

visceral pain from the alimentary tract or accessory organs
§ Can also be due to irritation of the parietal peritoneum

40
Q

what if you have abdominal pain in the 6 regions on the sides

A

often due to irritation of the parietal peritoneum
§ Can also be due to visceral pain from non-GI organs

41
Q

what is a hepatomegaly?

A

enlarged liver

42
Q

what is liver cirrhosis?

A

large liver with firm, nontender edge

43
Q

what is hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

large liver that is firm and an irregular edge. may or may not be tender

BMS test 2 (11 decks)

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