Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS test 2 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is histology?

A

the study of tissues under a microscope, usually after the tissues have been prepared in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the types of light microscopy?

A

confocal and fluorescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is confocal microscopy?

A

can view a cell or tissue in a particular plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is fluorescence microscopy?

A

involves loading a cell with a fluorescent probe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what can the light microscopy visualizes structures as small as?

A

0.2 microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what can the electron microscopy visualizes structures as small as?

A

3 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is fixation?

A

chemicals cross-link proteins and inactivate enzymes that degrade cells/cellular components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is dehydration and clearing?

A

tissues are passed through alcohol solutions (replaces the water) and then the alcohol is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is infiltration and embedding for the tissue prep?

A

the tissue is infiltrated with a substance and then allowed to harden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is trimming for tissue prep?

A

tissue is sliced into thin, almost transparent slices using a microtome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the process of exposing a cell to a due or molecule that improves visualization?

A

staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a hematoxlin?

A

a dark blue basic due, and will bind to negatively-charged molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is Eosin?

A

pink acidic dye and will bind to positively-charged molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Periodic acid-Schiff stain or PAS is great at showing what?

A

glycogen and glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why is histology useful?

A

much of the function of a cell or tissue can be deduced by its microscopic structure
cells/tissues that are sick often look sick under the microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is epithelium avascular or vascular?

A

avascular - no blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two ways of transport through epithelial linings?

A

paracellular and transcellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does paracellular mean?

A

between epithelial cells, movements across junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does transcellular mean?

A

through epithelial cells, movement across apical and basolateral cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

name of epithelial cells/tissues if flattened?

A

squamous

21
Q

name of epithelial cells/tissues if square?

A

cuboidal

22
Q

name of epithelial cells/tissues if tall?

A

columnar

23
Q

name of epithelial cells/tissues if there’s only a single layer of epithelial cells?

A

simple

24
Q

name of epithelial cells/tissues if there’s multiple layers?

A

stratified

25
Q

stratified epithelia is named how?

A

based on the shape of the cell farthest from the base

26
Q

name of epithelial cell/tissues if there are cilia?

A

ciliated epithelium

27
Q

what are the key functions of tight junctions

A
  • barrier that prevents movement of undesirable substances to the tissues below
  • regulates the movement of a variety of molecules between cells through the barrier
  • help establish polarity - tight junctions seem to help direct membrane proteins to the apical vs. basolateral sides
28
Q

what are the key proteins of tight junctions?

A
  • claudins
  • occludin
  • junctional adhesion molecules
    -ZO proteins
29
Q

what do claudins do?

A

transmembrane proteins that can act as channels for small molecules (paracellular)

30
Q

what do occludin do?

A

transmembrane protein, function not clear

31
Q

Junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)

A

transmembrane protein that may mediate permeability to larger molecules

32
Q

what do ZO proteins do?

A

important in tight junction formation, interact with the cytoskeleton

33
Q

what are the functions of adherens junctions

A
  • strengthens and stabilizes tight junctions
  • participates in cell-cell signaling that regulates cell division and proliferation
34
Q

what are the key proteins of adheren junctions?

A

cadherin and catenins

35
Q

what are cadherins

A

transmembrane protein that interacts with other cadherins on the neighboring cell

36
Q

what are catenins

A

linker molecules that connect the intracellular face of claudins to the actin cytoskeleton

37
Q

what are desmosomes?

A

only attach to certain spots of the epithelial cell membrane and connect to intracellular intermediate filaments ex. keratin

38
Q

what is the different between hemidesmosomes and desmosomes?

A

○ Transmembrane “linking” protein is an integrin, not a claudin-like molecule
○ Integrin binds to a component of the basement membrane known as laminin
▪ Does not bind to a molecule on an adjacent cell
○ Hemidesmosomes do not seem to have important intracellular signaling functions
* Hemidesmosomes do link to intracellular intermediate filaments
* Function – adhesion of the epithelial cell to the basement membrane

39
Q

what is the cilia structure?

A

9+2 structure of microtubules with a central doublet

40
Q

non-motile cilia have no central doublet and just the ring of 9 microtubules T or F

A

true

41
Q

what does type 1 collagen do?

A

resists tension, multiple triple helices bound together to form fibrils, and fibrils are organized to form fibers
Major collagen type in dense CT and bone

42
Q

what does type II collagen do?

A

smaller fibrils with less organized orientation than dense regular tissue
▪ Major component of cartilage - mainly resists pressure and absorbs shock

43
Q

what does type II collagen do?

A

reticular fibres
▪ Major component of loose connective tissue

44
Q

what are Type I, II, and III collagens are known as

A

fibrillar collagen

45
Q

what does type IV collagen do?

A

forms the basement membrane that connects epithelial and connective tissue layers
▪ Forms a sort of cross-linked “net” with laminin (glycoprotein) and proteoglycans interspersed within it

46
Q

what are the 2 major components of the ground substance

A

multi-adhesive glycoproteins and proteoglycans

47
Q

what are the 3 part structure of proteoglycans

A

○ A very long, linear polymer of hyaluronic acid (a GAG)
○ Linking proteins attached to the hyaluronic acid polymer
○ Shorter GAG chains attached to the linking proteins

48
Q

atopic dermatitis

A
  • Typical symptoms and signs:
    ○ Itchy papules and plaques that can become excoriated with scratching
    ○ Distributed over the extensor surfaces, face, and scalp
    ○ Worsen in response to allergen exposure
    • Highly heritable – children of parents with atopic dermatitis have a 50% chance of developing the disorder
      ○ Subtle abnormalities in filaggrin impair the ability of the more apical strata to retain the moisture of the skin
      ○ Tight junction changes to more permeable types decrease the barrier function of the skin
49
Q

celiac disease

A
  • A common immune-mediated disorder – individuals mount an immune response to a component of gluten (known as gliadin)

BMS test 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions