Neuropathology Part 1 (8)

Question 1

acute vs chronic reactions to neurons to injury overall

Answer 1

acute- often anaerobic or glucose depleted in neurocytes

chronic- accumulation of abnormal pros

Question 2

what is an accumulation of misfold pros called

Answer 2

proteinopathies

Question 3

actute neuronal injury- why, what do they look like histologically

Answer 3

• changes that accompany acute CNS hypoxia/ischemia
• reflect the earliest morphological markers of neuronal cell death
• red neurons are evident by 12-24 hrs after insult

Question 4

axonal rxn to injury and how does it look

Answer 4

• observed in the celly body during regeneration of axon (best seen in ant horn)
• enlargement and rounding of cell body, peripheral displacement of nucleus, enlargement of nucleolus

Question 5

What is the most impprtant morpholohical indicator of CNS injury

Answer 5

Gliosis

Question 6

what is the reaction of microglia to injury (4)

Answer 6

• proliferation
• developing elongated nuclei (neurosyphylis)
• Forming aggregates around small foci of necrotic tissues
• congregating around cell bodies of dying neurons

Question 7

What is vasogenic edema

Answer 7

increased extracellular fluid caused by bb disruption and increased vascular permeability (shift from intravascuar compartment to intracellular spaces)

Question 8

What is cytotoxic edema

Answer 8

increase in intracellular secondary to neuronal, glial or endothelial cell membrane damage

Question 9

What does hydrocephalous cause

Answer 9

brain atrophy

increase in lat ventricles

Question 10

what is primary vs secondary neurotrauma

Answer 10

primary damage- focal lesions and diffuse axonal injury

Secondary damage- intracranial hematomas, edema, intracranial herniation, infarction, inderction

Question 11

3 main types of missile injury to brain

Answer 11

1. depressed- just causes depressed skull fx w/ contusion
2. Penetrating- enters but doesn’t exit
3. Perforating- missile enters and extits

Question 12

what is a displaced vs diastatic fx

Answer 12

displaced- bone displaced into cranial cavity

distatic- fx crosses sutures

Question 13

what is the mc parenchymal injury

Answer 13

concussion clinical syndrome of altered consciousness seconday to head injury

Question 14

extradural intracranial hemorrhage- mech and clinical manisfication

Answer 14

skull fx w arterial blood (middle meningeal aa)

-lucid interval followed by a rapid increase in intracranial pressure

Question 15

Subdural hematoma mech and clinical manisfication

Answer 15

bw dura and arachnoid- rupture of venus sinuses or small bridging veins

-acute presentation with rapid increase in intracranial prssure

Question 16

Subarachnoid space hemorracge mechanism, clinical

Answer 16

arterial rupture

-Manigeal irratation w a rapid increase in intracranial pressure (worst headache ever)