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Neurology (Calum) > Neuropathology - Degeneration > Flashcards

Neuropathology - Degeneration Flashcards

1
Q

What is demyelination?

A

preferential destruction of myelin sheath around an axon

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2
Q

What cells are damaged in demyelination?

A

oligodendrocytes

schwann cells

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3
Q

What cells produce myelin in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

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4
Q

What cells produce myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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5
Q

What is the importance of myelin?

A

insulates nerves and allows rapid conduction of electrical impulses along cell membranes

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6
Q

What condition is an example of primary demyelination?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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7
Q

Is MS more common in females or males?

A

2:1 females

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8
Q

How does MS commonly present?

A

episodes of neurological deficit separated by time and body site.

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9
Q

What are some common manifestations of MS?

A

visual disturbance
spasticity
speech disturbance
gait abnormalities

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10
Q

MS affects grey matter in the brain - T/F?

A

False - white matter!

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11
Q

What type of scan is used to diagnose MS?

A

MRI Scan

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12
Q

What are the main features seen on histology in a patient with MS?

A

demyelination
inflammation
gliosis

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13
Q

What is dementia?

A

impairment of previously acquired occupational or social functioning due to acquired cognitive impairment with normal consciousness

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14
Q

Dementia is not always a pathological process - T/F?

A

False - always pathological

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15
Q

What are the two groups of dementias?

A

primary

secondary

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16
Q

Name some primary dementias?

A

AD
LBD
HD
Picks disease

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17
Q

Name some secondary dementias?

A

vascular
metabolic
infection/trauma

18
Q

Which is the most common dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

19
Q

Which common genetic syndrome carries an increased risk of AD?

A

Down’s Syndrome - trisomy 21

20
Q

What macroscopic pathology is seen on the brain?

A 
cortical atrophy 
widened sulci 
narrowed gyri 
dilated ventricles 
normal brainstem and cerebellum
21
Q

What microscopic features of dementia are there?

A

neurofibrillary tangles
B-amyloid plaques
amyloid angiopathy
neuronal loss

22
Q

What stain is used to show up amyloid protein?

A

congo red stain

23
Q

What two types of amyloid protein are there?

A

AL/AA

24
Q

What are the hallmarks of Lewy Body dementia?

A

progressive dementia
hallucinations
fluctuating attention levels

25
Q

What protein is stained for in the identification of lewy bodies?

A

ubiquitin

26
Q

What is the common triad of Huntington’s disease symptoms?

A

emotional
cognitive
motor disturbance

27
Q

What is the movement disorder in HD known as?

A

chorea

28
Q

When does dementia occur in HD?

A

later in disease

29
Q

What is the pattern of inheritance in HD?

A

autosomal dominant

30
Q

Which chromosome is the huntingtin gene on?

A

Chromosome 4p

31
Q

What is seen on HD histology?

A

loss of caudate nucleus neurones

reactive gliosis

32
Q

What is Pick’s disease?

A

a progressive dementia commencing in middle life characterised by changes in character and social deterioration leading to cognitive impairment

33
Q

Where is extreme atrophy seen in a Pick’s Disease brain?

A

frontal and temporal lobe cortices

34
Q

What are Pick’s cells?

A

swollen neurons

35
Q

What are Pick’s bodies?

A

intracytoplasmic filamentous inclusion

36
Q

How long will a person usually live after a diagnosis of Pick’s disease?

A

7 years average (2-10)

37
Q

Which is the most common secondary dementia?

A

vascular dementia

38
Q

What is multi-infarct dementia?

A

deterioration in cognitive function due to hypoxia induced brain damage as a result of multiple blood clots.

39
Q

Which cardiovascular conditions are particularly important in multi-infarct dementia?

A

hypertension
hyperlipidaemia
diabetes
previous stroke

40
Q

What type of progression is seen in multi-infarct dementia?

A

stepwise progression

Neurology (Calum) (21 decks)

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