Neuropath Lecture 3

Question 1

Inflammation of the brain - not white/gray matter specific

Answer 1

Encephalitis

(Panaencephalits = both)

Question 2

Inflammation of grey matter

Answer 2

Polioencephalitis

Question 3

Inflammation of white brain matter

Answer 3

Leukoencephalitis

Question 4

Inflammation of the spinal cord

Answer 4

Myelitis

(poliomyelitis, leukomyelitis)

Question 5

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 5

Encephalomyelitis

Question 6

Inflammation of the meninges

(in general implies involvement of the leptomeninges)

Answer 6

Meningitis

Question 7

Inflammation of the meninges and brain

Answer 7

Meningoencephalitis

Question 8

Inflammation of the choroid plexus

Answer 8

Choroiditis

Question 9

Inflammation of the peripheral nerve

Answer 9

Neuritis

Question 10

Inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves

Answer 10

Polyneuritis

Question 11

Inflammation of a nerve root

Answer 11

Radiculoneuritis

Question 12

5 exudate types

Answer 12

Suppurative

Non-suppurative

Granulomatous

Eosinophilic

Fibrinous

Question 13

Suppurative exudate

Answer 13

Neutrophils

Bacterial infection

May accompany tissue necrosis

Rarely, neutrophilic infiltrates occur in viral infection

Question 14

Non-suppurative exudate

Answer 14

Lymphocytes +/- plasma cells, histiocytes

Viral infections

Autoimmune conditions

Certain protozoal/parasitic infections

Question 15

Granulomatous exudate

Answer 15

Focal accumulations of histiocytic cells

Mycoses (may be pyogranulomatous)

Certain bacteria (mycobacterium), protozoa, metazoans

Idiopathic

Question 16

Eosinophilic exudate

Answer 16

Certain parasitic infections

May represent species-specific responses to certain categories of non-infectious disease

Porcine salt poisoning

Question 17

Fibrinous exudate

Answer 17

Reflects a severe vascular insult which may suggest certain infectious agents (chlamydia or FIP)

Question 18

Pleocytosis

Answer 18

Migration fo leukocytes (especially neutrophils) across the BBB

Question 19

Perivascular cuffs

Answer 19

General term describing accumulations of cells in teh perivascular area of medium to small sized veins (space of Virchow-Robin) and may be the result of cellular efflux or influx

Infiltrating cells:

Lymphocytes/plasma cells, Eosinophils, Monocytes

Question 20

Infectious causes of CNS inflammation

Portals of infection into the CNS

Answer 20

Hematogenous (most common)

Neural

Direct extension from surrounding structures

Question 21

CNS Route of Infection

Hematogenous

Answer 21

Most common

Sites seeded (any/all wherever vascular density is high and vessel caliber is small)

Leptoeninges

Choroid plexus, (sub)ependyma

Neural parenchyma (particularly grey-white junction)

Agents: Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Parasite, Protozoa

Question 22

CNS Route of Infection

Neural

Answer 22

Retrograte axonal transport (rabies, human herpesvirus-1)

Ascending neuritis from oral cavity (listeriosis)

Question 23

CNS Route of Infection

Direct extension from surrounding structures

Answer 23

Nasal turbinates (crytococcosis)

Extension from otiits media/interna (actinomyces pyogenes)

Question 24

Bacterial Infection

Bacterial meningitis pathogenesis

Answer 24

Bacteria in bloodstream and multiply

High levels of bacteraemia and cross the BBB

Invasion of meninges and CNS

Release proinflammatory and toxic compounds

Increased BBB permeability and Pleocytosis

Increased intracranial pressure and neuronal injury

Question 25

Bacterial Infection

Host response to bacterial meningitis

Answer 25

Macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells exacerbate host response

Resulting in neuronal injury

Question 26

Bacterial Infection

Suppurative meningitis +/- choroiditis

Answer 26

Secondary to generalized bacteremia

Generally a disease of young immunocompromised animals

(failure of passive transfer of colostral antibody and hypgammaglobulinemia)

(severe combined immunodeficiency)

Primary site of infection is hard to find

Hematogenous dissemination results in seeding of multiple organs

(synovia membranes, serosal membranes, kidneys, meninges, CNS lesions)