Male Repro Flashcards
Ability to produce and deliver healthy sperm
Requires healthy sperm, good fluid, intact delivery system
Fertility
Ability to copulate
Depends on libido and physical ability
Potency
Thermal regulator of the scrotum
Apocrine sweat glands
Most important enactor of thermoregulation is the _ _ .
Cremaster muscle
Pampiniform plexus
Testicular temperature must be higher/lower than body temperature for spermatogenesis and fertility
Lower
Dermatitis in ruminants can be due to
Dermatophilus congolensis
Besnoitia besnoiti
Fungi
Chorioptes bovis (arthropod/mite)
Scrotum neoplasm in gray horses
Melanoma
Scrotum neoplasms (2) in dog
Mast cell tumor
occasionally Melanoma
Most common genital anomaly in cat and horses
Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchism is a dominant/recessive trait in horses
Dominant
Unilateral testicular degeneration is due to _ _ causes
Local causes
- Tumor or abscess pressure
- Vascular occlusion
Bilateral cryptorchidism results in
Sterility (because of heat on spermatogenesis)
Unilateral cryptorchidism results in
Decreased fertility
(sperm counts lower than normal)
4 effects of cryptorchidism
Infertility
Sertoli cell tumor & Seminoma predisposition
Mean disposition in horses
Small number, length and diameter of seminiferous tubules causes
Testicular hypoplasia
(will have watery semen with few/no spermatids)
Bilateral testicular degeneration/atrophy is due to _ _ causes.
Systemic
Most frequent cause of infertility in males
Testicular degeneration - atrophy
Causes of testicular degeneration
Any adverse influence on general health, Thermal degeneration, Local or systemic infection, Poor nutrition, Vascular, Age, Noxious agents, Hormonal factors, Sperm stasis, Diabetes Mellitus
Examples of poor nutrition that cause testicular degeneration
Low energy
Deficiency of vitamin A
Deficiency of phosphorus
Low protein
T/F Strongyle larvae in a horse can cause vascular inflammation of the spermatic artery resulting in testicular degeneration
True
Chlorinated naphthalene can cause _ _ .
Testicular degeneration
(in cattle)
T/F Normally the left testis is smaller in than the right in testicular degeneration
False
Got good semen?
Concentration (turbidity)
Motility
Live
Morphology
Most common cause of orchitis
Bacterial infection
(from blood stream or direct penetration)
Bacteria that causes orchitis in the
Bull
Boar
Horse
Sheep
Dog
Bull - Brucella abortus, Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Boar - Brucella suis
Horse - Salmonella abortus equi
Sheep - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Histophilus ovis, Brucella mellitensis
Dog - E. coli, Proteus sp., Canine Distemper
% of affected testicles that have multiple types of neoplasms
25%
Most common testicular tumor of the dog and bull
Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor
Which of the following is false regarding testicular interstitial cell tumors?
a. They are well demarcated
b. Yellow-orange
c. Larger ones have hemorrhagic necrosis
d. Are usually enlarged
d. (there is usually no increase in size of testicle)
Testicular Sertoli cell tumor produces _ _ that causes feminization of males
Estrogen
T/F Feminization of male is permanent even if the Sertoli cell tumor is surgically removed
False
(feminization regresses in about a month)
Most common testicular tumor in the horse
Teratoma
All 3 germ layers (ecto, endo, mesoderm)
Sperm contain which cause spermatic granulomas when they are located outside of the duct
Mycolic acid (acid-fast lipids)
Bacteria that causes epididymitis in sheep
Brucella ovis
(90% of lesions are in the tail of the epididymis)
Accumulation of sperm in duct is called _ _
and can cause _ _
Spermatocyst (spermatocoele)
Spermatic granuloma
Causes of epididymitis
Canine Distemper
Brucella ovis in sheep
Brucella canis in dog (chronic epididymitis)
Inflammation of the spermatic cord
Funiculitis
Excessive granulation leads to scirrhous (firm/hard spermatic cord)
Funiculitis (spermatic cord inflammation) is common in
Bacteria that cause funiculitis (2)
Pig
Streptococcus sp & Staphylococcus sp.
Verminous granulomas in spermatic cord of horses may be caused by _ _ larval migration
Strongyle
Most common cause of seminal vesiculitis
If inflammation is suppurative
others…. (3)
Brucella abortus
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Pseudomonas, E. coli, Streptococcus
Constipation can be the result of
Prostatic hyperplasia
T/F Prostatic hyperplasia never occurs in castrated:
dogs
sheep
Dogs - True (but maybe yes in sertoli cell tumor?)
Sheep false (if they eat clover or feed containing estrogen)
You’re a dog, will it be harder to peepee or do your poops if you have prostatic hyperplasia
Constipation due to rectal pressure
% of dogs over 5 that have some degree of prostatic hyperplasia
60%
A fibrous connective tissue attachment of the glans penis to the ventral aspect of the prepuce
Ventral frenulum
Balanitis
Posthitis
Balantis - inflammation of glans
Posthitis - inflammation of prepuce
Both - Balanoposthitis
Causes of penis inflammation
Traumatic injury
Chronic inflammation
Campylobacter fetus & Trichomonas (bull)
Herpes (bull)
Ulcerative posthitis (sheep)
You have phimosis, what’s your problem
Oh shit, now you have paraphimosis, what’s your problem
Phimosis - your penis can’t protrude through stenotic prepuce
Paraphimosis - protuding penis can’t retract into prepuce
So you’re a bull with a penile tumor, gross, what’s your problem and what does it look like?
Do you want your bull to get it on with your cow?
Transmissibile fibropapilloma
Cauliflower-like growth
(bovine papillomavirus 2)
Nope, can cause vaginal fibropapilloma in cow
A horse with a penile tumor is caused by a _ _ _ _ _ _
Squamous cell carcinoma
(can metastasize to inguinal lymph nodes)
Penile tumors in the dog can be caused by
Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Mast Cell Tumor
Preputial gland adenoma
You’re a dog, the doctor has just told you that you have a Transmissible Venereal Tumor
How did you get it?
Transmitted by transfer of tumor cells
(not caused by a virus)
You are out frolicking in the woods and eat some locoweed (Astragalus) - what might happen to you?
Testicular degeneration! Don’t eat locoweed!!
Which of the following will not cause testicular degeneration?
a. Estrogen in feed
b. Pituitary tumor
c. Diabetes Mellitus
d. Hyaline degeneration of arterial walls
e. Sperm stasis
If you picked any of those, you’re dumb. They all will. Dumby.
What type of tumor causes feminization of males?
Sertoli cell tumor
(of supporting or sustentacular cells of seminiferous tubules)
Where does a seminoma testicular neoplasm originate?
Spermatogonia
Which of the following is/are considered germ cell tumors of the gonads?
a. Leydig cell tumor
b. Teratoma
c. Dysgerminoma
d. Sertoli cell tumor
e. b & c
e. Teratoma & Dysgerminoma
Testicular degeration can occur by all of the following except:
a. Malnutrition
b. Excessive scrotal fat
c. High environmental temperature
d. Zero gravity
e. Vascular occlusion
d. Zero gravity
Inflammation of the penis occurs in bulls from a _ _ and _ _ infection which can cause early abortions
Campylobacter fetus & Trichomonas
