KM female repro cards Flashcards
dontfailvetschool
What 4 developmental pathologies did we discuss?
- Early embryo - undifferentiated gonads
- Hermaphrodite (intersex)
- Psuedohermaphrodite
- Freemartin
What gene BOTH promotes ovarian development AND inhibits testicular development?
Dax1
What initiates pathways of ovarian differentiation and development?
Genes
What are accessory genitalia dependent on?
Gonads
What sex would all sexual development lead to if not for testicular hormones?
Female
Ovarian development -
What persists? What regresses?
Mullerian duct persists
Wolffian duct regresses
Testicular development -
What persists? What regresses?
Wolffian duct persists
Mullerian duct regresses
In what species are true hermaphrodites common?
None
What is a characteristic of hermaphrodites?
2 examples?
Internal genitalia and gonads of both sexes
- One ovary and one testis
- Two ovo-testes
In what species is pseudohermaphroditism common?
What is the common appearance of these animals?
Pigs (hereditary)
Male testis with external female tract (vagina and enlarged clitoris or vestibular penis)
What is a freemartin?
Bovine - female heifer calf that is born with a bull calf. They are sterile.
Twinning occurs in what percentage of bovine pregnancies?
1-2%
Can freemartinism occur in triplet/quadruplet births?
Yes
Is freemartinism common or uncommon in goat and sheep?
Uncommon
Etiology of Freemartinism (1 of 3)
Fusion of what allows shared circulation?
This allows transfer of what between fetuses?
Placental vessels
Hematopoietic cells
Etiology of Freemartinism (2 of 3)
Gene products from the cells of the male fetus induce what cells and what structures to form in the ovaries of the female twin calves?
Sertoli cells
Seminiferous cordlike structures
Etiology of Freemartinism (3 of 3)
Which chromosomes are present in the cells of a freemartin (lymphocytes & RBC’s)
X and Y
What are two ways to diagnose freemartinism?
- Blood test - examine karyotypes of lymphocytes grown in cell culture for XY chromosomes in heifer calves
- Vaginal length measurement
What are the 3 main categories of disease we talked about with Ovaries?
- Hemorrhage
- Ovarian Cysts
- Ovarian tumors
What type of hemorrhage is associated with the ovaries?
Spontaneous/iatrogenic
- Spontaneous rupture of follicle
- Human induced (iatrogenic)
Spontaneous rupture of a follicle causes what?
Is this severe or not?
When do they often occur (in mares)?
Causes mild hemorrhage that sometimes produces adhesions
Can be very severe in the mare
Often occur at beginning of fall (seasonal anestrust)
Manual expression of what by means of rectal palpation can cause WHAT in the ovary?
Is this severe?
Human induced (iatrogenic) hemorrhage
Bleeding may be severe causing death
5 types of Ovarian Cysts
Cow
- Paraovarian Cysts and cystic rete
- Anovulatory follicular cysts (intra-ovarian cysts)
- Luteinized cysts
- Changes in other organs due to functional follicular cysts
OTHER
- Cystic ovaries in other species (Swine, Mare, Dog/Cat)
Which of the following is the best feature used to classify an animal as a pseudohermaphrodite?
A. Hypoplastic uterus
B. Cysticovaries
C. Gonads of one gender and external genitalia of the
other
D. Segmental aplasia of the mesonephric duct
E. Presenceofoneovaryandonetestis
C. Gonads of one gender and external genitalia of the other
In species other than the dog, cystic endometrial hyperplasia is caused by which of the following?
A. Hyperestrogenism
B. Hyperprogesteronism
C. Hypopituitarism
D. Hyperthyroidism
A. Hyperestrogenism
