KM female repro cards

Question 1

What 4 developmental pathologies did we discuss?

Answer 1

1. Early embryo - undifferentiated gonads
2. Hermaphrodite (intersex)
3. Psuedohermaphrodite
4. Freemartin

Question 2

What gene BOTH promotes ovarian development AND inhibits testicular development?

Answer 2

Dax1

Question 3

What initiates pathways of ovarian differentiation and development?

Answer 3

Genes

Question 4

What are accessory genitalia dependent on?

Answer 4

Gonads

Question 5

What sex would all sexual development lead to if not for testicular hormones?

Answer 5

Female

Question 6

Ovarian development -

What persists? What regresses?

Answer 6

Mullerian duct persists

Wolffian duct regresses

Question 7

Testicular development -

What persists? What regresses?

Answer 7

Wolffian duct persists

Mullerian duct regresses

Question 8

In what species are true hermaphrodites common?

Answer 8

None

Question 9

What is a characteristic of hermaphrodites?

2 examples?

Answer 9

Internal genitalia and gonads of both sexes

1. One ovary and one testis
2. Two ovo-testes

Question 10

In what species is pseudohermaphroditism common?

What is the common appearance of these animals?

Answer 10

Pigs (hereditary)

Male testis with external female tract (vagina and enlarged clitoris or vestibular penis)

Question 11

What is a freemartin?

Answer 11

Bovine - female heifer calf that is born with a bull calf. They are sterile.

Question 12

Twinning occurs in what percentage of bovine pregnancies?

Answer 12

1-2%

Question 13

Can freemartinism occur in triplet/quadruplet births?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

Is freemartinism common or uncommon in goat and sheep?

Answer 14

Uncommon

Question 15

Etiology of Freemartinism (1 of 3)

Fusion of what allows shared circulation?

This allows transfer of what between fetuses?

Answer 15

Placental vessels

Hematopoietic cells

Question 16

Etiology of Freemartinism (2 of 3)

Gene products from the cells of the male fetus induce what cells and what structures to form in the ovaries of the female twin calves?

Answer 16

Sertoli cells

Seminiferous cordlike structures

Question 17

Etiology of Freemartinism (3 of 3)

Which chromosomes are present in the cells of a freemartin (lymphocytes & RBC’s)

Answer 17

X and Y

Question 18

What are two ways to diagnose freemartinism?

Answer 18

1. Blood test - examine karyotypes of lymphocytes grown in cell culture for XY chromosomes in heifer calves
2. Vaginal length measurement

Question 19

What are the 3 main categories of disease we talked about with Ovaries?

Answer 19

1. Hemorrhage
2. Ovarian Cysts
3. Ovarian tumors

Question 20

What type of hemorrhage is associated with the ovaries?

Answer 20

Spontaneous/iatrogenic

1. Spontaneous rupture of follicle
2. Human induced (iatrogenic)

Question 21

Spontaneous rupture of a follicle causes what?

Is this severe or not?

When do they often occur (in mares)?

Answer 21

Causes mild hemorrhage that sometimes produces adhesions

Can be very severe in the mare

Often occur at beginning of fall (seasonal anestrust)

Question 22

Manual expression of what by means of rectal palpation can cause WHAT in the ovary?

Is this severe?

Answer 22

Human induced (iatrogenic) hemorrhage

Bleeding may be severe causing death

Question 23

5 types of Ovarian Cysts

Answer 23

Cow

1. Paraovarian Cysts and cystic rete
2. Anovulatory follicular cysts (intra-ovarian cysts)
3. Luteinized cysts
4. Changes in other organs due to functional follicular cysts

OTHER

5. Cystic ovaries in other species (Swine, Mare, Dog/Cat)

Question 24

Which of the following is the best feature used to classify an animal as a pseudohermaphrodite?

A. Hypoplastic uterus
B. Cysticovaries
C. Gonads of one gender and external genitalia of the
other
D. Segmental aplasia of the mesonephric duct
E. Presenceofoneovaryandonetestis

Answer 24

C. Gonads of one gender and external genitalia of the other

Question 25

In species other than the dog, cystic endometrial hyperplasia is caused by which of the following?

A. Hyperestrogenism
B. Hyperprogesteronism
C. Hypopituitarism
D. Hyperthyroidism

Answer 25

A. Hyperestrogenism