Neurons Term 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the structure and function of neurons/nerve cells

A

Highly specialised NS cells designed to
-rapidly generate electrochemical nerve impulses
-carry info from one part of body to other

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2
Q

Define glial cells/tissue

A

Support, protect and provide nutrition’s to neurons and insulate them from each other

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3
Q

Define cell body structure and function

A

part of neuron containing nucleus
-granular cytoplasm (ribosome clusters)
-abundant organelles
-responsible for controlling the functioning of the cell

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4
Q

Define dendrites structure and function

A

short extensions of the cytoplasm of the cell body
-highly branched
-carry messages/nerve impulses into cell body
-synapse/joins with other neurons or receptors

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5
Q

Define axon structure and function

A

Single, long nerve fibres/extension of the cytoplasm
-connect with muscles (neuromuscular junction), glands (neuroglandular), and other neurons (complex neurons
-carry nerve impulses away from cell body
-axon divides into many small branches that terminate at axon terminals

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6
Q

Recall that a nerve consists/Define what a nerve is

A

bundle of nerve fibres held by connective tissue outside brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Define nerve fibre

A

long projection/extension of cytoplasm of a nerve cell body (also known as axon)

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8
Q

Define neurilemma

A

sheath surrounding nerve fibre
-protective function for peripheral nerve fibers

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9
Q

Describe and give the function of the myelin sheath

A

fatty sheath made by Schwann cells that wrap around the axon of most neurons
-speeds up nerve transmission along axon
-acts as insulator
-protects nerve fibres/axon from damage

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10
Q

Define node of Ranvier and function

A

microscopic gaps found in myelin sheath-speed up nerve impulses

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11
Q

Define synapses structure and function

A

junction between axon terminal of one neuron with dendrite of another neurons cell body
-neurons do not physically touch at synapse=small gap

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12
Q

How are messages carried across synapse gap?

A

Messages are carried across gap by the movement of chemicals called neurotransmitters

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13
Q

Define neurotransmitter

A

molecule that carries a nerve impulse across the small gap between branches of adjacent nerve cells/neurons

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14
Q

Define neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse where an axon meets a skeletal muscle cell
-jucntion between branches of a motor nerve cell and the muscle fibre=motor end plate

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15
Q

Name the three functional types of neurons

A

Sensory/afferent, Motor/efferent, Interneuron

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16
Q

identify and give the function of the sensory neurons

A

afferent, carry messages form receptors in the sense organs, or skin, to the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

17
Q

identify and give the function of the motor neuron

A

efferent, carry messages form CNS to the effectors, muscles and glands

18
Q

identify and give the function of interneurons

A

association neurons, located in CNS and are the link between sensory and motor neurons

19
Q

Name the four structural types of neurons

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, pseudounipolar

20
Q

Define multipolar neurons and examples

A

one axon and several dendrites extending from cell body
includes: most of the interneurons in brain/spinal cord, and the somatic motor neurons

21
Q

Define bipolar neurons and examples

A

one axon and one dendrite extending from cell body
-occur in the eye, ear and nose where they take impulses from the receptor cells to other neurons

22
Q

Define unipolar neurons and examples

A

one axon extending from cell body
-not found in humans but insects

23
Q

Define pseudounipolar neurons and examples

A

properties of uni/bipolar
-one axon separating into two extensions
-one connects to dendrites other to axon terminals
-includes most sensory neurons carrying messages to spinal cord

24
Q

Distinguish between a neuron, a nerve, and a nerve fibre

A

neuron=nerve cell
nerve=bundle of nerve fibres held together by connective tissue
nerve fibre=projection from a nerve cell body (usually axon)